https://www.pjdives.com/indonesia-2014 daily 0.75 2019-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656116011-EH4QKYTL3TTWO6IE3QC5/image01.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656251393-FWET57772OXQ2VJ9SY36/image01.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656251643-VTMN5WP2EO18C3GA6MKO/image02.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656252787-WPNCFOMW2XXDKUGDGROW/image03.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656252598-JYBSTI241NWW3B3OQA1V/image04.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656253149-ARK8M08OZOOFD7M8PX0F/image05.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656254269-APOHXAXG5NG7R8CNZIKA/image06.jpg Indonesia 2014 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656269342-B8TXYC9101UVU37NCX10/image35.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656269782-X255ZDFSUDF73UEMPKGA/image36.jpg Indonesia 2014 https://www.pjdives.com/manado-indonesia daily 0.75 2019-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658911957-7XQHQKIV1I1XAXKYYDYT/%231-Man+-+DSC_0277.jpg Manado, Indonesia A large aggregation of Purple Heart Urchins (Astropyga radiata) marches along in preparation for a seasonal breeding event. There will be a fusion of sperm and eggs after both have been released into the water column. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658911637-QH42YRKLZCXSPZLM6HXG/%232-Man+-++DSC+0289.jpg Manado, Indonesia A single Purple Heart Urchin (Astropyga radiata) displays its needles and its mysterious sack. When the urchin's needles puncture the skin, throbbing pain and swelling occur and sleepless nights ensue. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658913512-5NZ1HU1F3IC7DGX98XO3/%233-Man+-+.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Cuttlefish (Sepai latimanus) raises its tentacles in a defensive threat display. Cuttlefish have bony chambers that fill with gas enabling them to gracefully hover, rise and fall. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658913559-BDT4Z03J54RLX5YPVDJ9/%234-Man+-+DSC_1697.jpg Manado, Indonesia Seen from above the reef, the slender branches of this Red Sea Whip (Elllisela sp.) spread out fan-like to capture nutrients and display their beauty from a different perspective. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658914770-TQ2EAELWVRVO3JHSGR5F/%235-Man+-++DSC+0262.jpg Manado, Indonesia The Thorny Seahorse (Hippocampus histrix) is rarely encountered. It uses its prehensile tail to cling to branches of floating algae. The males incubate the eggs of the female that have been embedded in their abdominal brood pouch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658914522-393YX86NKXRUCHIU1GVO/%236-Man+DSC+0373.jpg Manado, Indonesia A single, golden Crinoid (Crinoidea sp.) spreads its feather-like arms to capture nutrients from the current. Crinoids are cousins of sea stars (starfish). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658915755-T96Y9N0ZZ93G4UCL9333/%237-Man+-+DSC_0932.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Giant Frogfish (Antennarius commerson) occupies one fold and scans the water for prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658916139-5CTV0FQLZ55MTUTBL8P6/%238-Man+-+DSC_0396.jpg Manado, Indonesia A large Brain Coral (Platygyra lamellina) sports a bouquet of sea squirts and crinoids. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658916930-S88993HN18LOIZN8IKY0/%239-Man+-+DSC_8135.JPG Manado, Indonesia The largest bi-valve in the world, the Giant Clam (Tridacna gigas) can reach 5' in length. This one sits anchored to a Brain Coral (Platygyra lamellina) while a school of fish swim down the reef in the background. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658917429-V130EQURMCAEYDCCSCL3/%2310-Man+-+.jpg Manado, Indonesia The White-Mouth Moray Eel (Gymnothorax meleagris) is a known predator of small fishes who associate its white spots on a dark background with danger. The white spots will elongate with age. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658918843-G4ISDCHCFZ1Z1LTB89MZ/%2311-Man+-+DSC_7208.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Crinoid (Oxycomanthus bennetti) hangs onto a sponge with its cirri. This species likes currents and is commonly found in passes and other areas with good water flow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658918976-ER05OZCJGMWHLO5JVBXJ/%2312-Man+-+DSC_7452-2.jpg Manado, Indonesia The Porcelain Anemone Crab (Neopetrolisthes ohshimai) sits on the edge of a Sticky Anemone (Stichodactyla mertensii). Its 2 claws, with their net-like appendages, are alternately flung in and out to capture plankton. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658920087-Q8OANSEL8RFVSNJ775NE/%2313-Man+-+.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Two-Stripe Clingfish (Discotrema lineata) clings to its host crinoid. Its tapered body ends in a tail that mimics the arms of its host, and its pelvic fins are modified into suction cups that help it to stay put. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658920428-3AC7V3XIZ3BBPIP6PBHS/%2314-+Man+-+DSC_0560.jpg Manado, Indonesia A flamboyantly colored Nudibranch (Flabellina exoptata) wraps itself around a piece of brightly colored hard coral. Its elongated and tapering body has rows of white-tipped cerata on its dorsal surface. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658921154-YFXZXAPJB5XSUNVHBM7Q/%2315-Man+-+DSC_8275.jpg Manado, Indonesia A pair of Western Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) lives in harmony with an unnaturally white Magnificent Sea Anemone (Hecteractis magnifica) that has lost its color and symbiotic internal algae (zooxangthellae) in a tropical warming event. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658921534-82ED30OB6RDLP94XV3GL/%2316-Man+-+DSC_0626.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Soft Coral (Dendronepthya sp.) that is usually seen upright is bent into a highly unusual shape as the result of an extremely strong current. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658922269-4WNL763BHNQDGGPNZI8G/%2317-Man+-+DSC_0532.jpg Manado, Indonesia A shy species, the Yellow-Headed Moray Eel (Gymnothorax rueppelliae) gracefully curves its body around hard coral on the reef. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658922259-6WEBPX1AP2W4KVLAABKL/%2318-Man+-+DSC_0602.jpg Manado, Indonesia These black Whip Corals (Cirripathes sp.) are long, slender and whip-like. Frequently encountered on deeper reefs, they provide a stark, simple beauty in contrast to other more brilliant, ornate forms of corals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658923986-2N8188AF185BX8V56HR1/%2319-Man+-+DSC_8617.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Broad Club Cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) poses in front of a reef. Cuttlefish are highly advanced invertebrates. They possess a huge array of hues and patterns enabling them to provide a rich repertoire of signals for defense, hunting and reproduction. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658924036-HW4CWJXHDX93W1EMEU0M/%2320-Man+-+DSC_7183.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Soft Coral Tree (Siphonogorgia sp.), light in color and delicate in appearance, shares the reef slope with a school of Blue-Dash Fusiliers (Ptreoceasio tile) and colorful sponges. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658925797-YUFAD1BU8FT14N3WTSX6/%2321-Man+-+DSC_0904.jpg Manado, Indonesia A floral-like sculpture of Hydroids (Aglaophenia curressina), Sea Squirts (Polycarpa aurata), Mushroom Leather Coral (Sarcophyton sp.), and various sponges can be observed from above a rocky outcropping. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658925662-QCRA7ZM88R1ILXLPNSJS/%2322-Man+-+DSC_1224.jpg Manado, Indonesia This Dwarf Pipefish (Acentronura tentaculata) is approximately 1/2" long and incredibly narrow. Because of its size and its camouflage, it takes an incredibly trained or eager eye to spot it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658927011-N3GWNAQ7L9YQ1J4XBAQE/%2323-2-Man+-+DSC_1829.jpg Manado, Indonesia This Red-Horned Nudibranch (Hypselodoris sp.) vacuums algae as its food supply as it travels along unconcernedly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658927343-UF2VDPESGPW4OG85DR2G/%2324-Man+-+DSC_0977.jpg Manado, Indonesia Viewing a Gorgonian Fan (Subergorgia moltis) from the top down provides a very different perspective. These fans can reach a height of 7' to 10'. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658928239-CLZ1PW8SADTFWGFSFE6F/%2325-Man+-+DSC_0004.jpg Manado, Indonesia A Flame File Shell (Limaria sp.) is a strikingly beautiful scallop, capable of swimming, and cements itself under ledges or into cracks in the reef. Its flaming, cherry-red color is caused by the amount of hemoglobin in its blood. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658928660-Z5ABZPT95LMGUJUK2IXH/%2326-Man+-+DSC_9561.jpg Manado, Indonesia These three unusually bright red Crinoids (Crinoidea sp.) adorn the wall on a reef much like signposts on a water highway. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658929501-CJXYK4HXVRVN30DKUH9Z/%2327-Man+-++DSC+1299.jpg Manado, Indonesia The Sea Squirt (Herdmania momus) has two siphons for filtering nutrients. This intake siphon filters by way of these distinctive, delicate cilia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658929532-RP4OA2W8P8L2XTDY3EWC/%2328-Man+-+.jpg Manado, Indonesia Yellow Cup Corals (Tubastraea sp.) are flamboyantly colored. Their large, sunflower-like polyps emerge at dusk to feed. They are often found on vertical walls. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658930828-O44SMY3HLGNYLK1F0PNH/%2329-Man+-+.jpg Manado, Indonesia A large palette of colors can be seen in this reef scene of hard and soft corals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658930664-7VBG8C353Z5RTRAFXJLX/%2330-Man+-+DSC_0648.jpg Manado, Indonesia The Broad Club Cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) utilizes specialized color cells controlled by its nervous system for camouflage in order to escape pursuers and to mesmerize prey before attacking. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658931953-2DQ4XBW3CK41GE00FZM9/%2331-Man+-+DSC_0958.jpg Manado, Indonesia A magnificent Hard Coral (Scleractinia sp.) large in size, and splendid in form, graces a wall. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658932175-S4D5CQHDCBAFIKSCPS1N/%2332-Man+-+.jpg Manado, Indonesia Sponges (Phylum Porifera) appeared on earth over half a billion years ago. These Tube Sponges (Cribrochalina olemda) presented a perfect opportunity to record them as an underwater sculpture. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658932576-ZE487J58Z0OYGMSB2SEK/%2333-Man+-+DSC+0438.jpg Manado, Indonesia A pastel pink Gorgonian Fan (Acabaria sp.) on a wall with a diver in the background. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658933368-6O2A0JHZ1CTTUUM8I0D6/%2334-Man+-+DSC_1250.jpg Manado, Indonesia An Elegant Squat Lobster (Lauriea siagiani) with its numerous sharp spines and its egg pouch finds sanctuary in a crevice of a Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia sp.). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658933838-X8ZB2N0T1RKVWGYR54DF/%2335-3-Man+-+DSC_9956.jpg Manado, Indonesia The Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle. 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656810586-G723L3Q8XXIVNB04JB1B/%232-Lem+-+DSC_0020.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A Giant Hermit Crab (Dardanus megistos) charges down a rock. It has long eye stalks, strong pincers, and a prickly exterior. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656810905-4HLNE2ULOSCUD56LRHLF/%233-Lem+-+.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia No larger than 1/2", this Squat Lobster (Xenocarcinus conicus) has a broad white stripe down the center of its body and eyes set at the edge of its carapace. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656811484-70ELMGLFODYTZHUPHVUU/%234-Lem+-+.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia An unknown species of Flamboyant Cuttlefish (Metasepia sp.) lifts its tentacles in a threatening posture that signals "stay away". https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656812503-ZFIHLPVGKXSOKHK04SK0/%235-Lem+-+DSC_0482.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Bearded Fireworm (Hermodice carunculata) has short tufts of white bristle that can easily penetrate the skin and break off into the skin causing a painful burning sensation and irritating wound. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656815066-XI70KCOCQOXMGVQD4Y8G/%236-Lem+-+DSC_0139.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Thornback Cowfish (Lactoria fonasini), characterized by a prickly spine on its back, gives the appearance of a UFO. When courting, males flash brilliant streaks of blue to entice the female. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656817578-F2SOIGFEYLB5T7FJ7EYN/%237-Lem+-+DSC_7678.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A male Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus plagicus) grasps a female with the use of his claspers until she molts her shell. Then they will mate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656817980-XEUU4MT5CXM16JCICUNG/%238-Lem+-+DSC_8758.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia This Nudibranch (Glossodoris atromarginata) has a body that is held high and is trimmed with an undulating, black-trimmed margin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656818424-V3E5SEZZZPNBM5S6B7WY/%239-Lem+-+DSC_0343.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The juvenile Yellow Boxfish (Ostracion cubicus) is cubic in shape with bright yellow coloration and numerous small black spots that elongate with age. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656820177-P5MV92BC7C1R79FUM9BV/%2310-Lem+-DSC_0440.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia Within the arms of a Feather Star (Crinoidea sp.) a Crinoid Shrimp (Periclemens sp.) has taken on the colors and patterns of its host in order to escape the notice of carnivorous fishes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656820344-HA7RF1S3IOLWL3OZ5846/%2311-3-Lem+-+DSC_0817.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A Dwarf Lionfish (Dendrochirus brachypterus) waits on the silty bottom to ambush a victim. His lightening-like eye is highly reflective when photographed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656823350-KA599WJC848NTYUUMGQX/%2312-Lem+-+DSC_0240.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Flamboyant Cuttlefish (Metasepia pfefferi) has brilliant patterns of deep maroon, black, yellow and red. Here, at night, it uses a retractable tentacle to capture its prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656822872-03AC3H5VC7FMQ5TND5BZ/%2313-Lem+-+DSC_0176.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The male Scribbled Pipefish (Corythoichthys intestinals) carries the eggs of the female inside a brood pouch located under its tail until the eggs hatch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656825470-3YWFL9MNM5LQ0YBQ8XPR/%2314-Lem+-+DSC_0257+copy.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Blue-Ringed Octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) is a fist-sized octopus with distinctive blue rings that become intensely blue when it is aggravated. It can inflict an extremely toxic bite that can be fatal to humans in 20 minutes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656825523-GUXUMELGXS258E18GAG2/%2315-Lem+-+DSC_0597.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The eyes and mouth of the Stargazer (Uranascope sp.) are on the top of its cubic head. The rest of its body usually lies buried in the dark sand while it waits to make a lunging attack. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656826438-US4GSWUFGF2CFAIYBFHG/%2316-Lem+-+DSC_0292.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia An Anemone Hermit Cab (Dardanus pedunculatus) breaks open the shell of an urchin to feed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656828364-NQ2UW6RQCZYKNJFI4SKW/%2317-Lem+-+DSC_0624.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia An Imperial Shrimp (Periclemenes imperator) hitches a ride on a synapted Sea Cucumber (Euapta godeffroyi). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656828757-G2DN5KCEE244NP7P1GPO/%2318-Lem+-+.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Caledonian Stinger (Inimicus didactylus) inhabits open sandy or silty bottoms and often lies buried up to its bulbous eyes in sand waiting to ambush small fishes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656831230-R9XZYEX2LXMVEKXPVRAJ/%2319-Lem+-+DSC_0574.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Caledonian Stinger (Inimicus didactylus) has long, extremely venomous dorsal spines. It has adapted its lower three fins to become "claws" so it can actually pull itself along the bottom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656831528-GIY09DEUAL47A40C3VUT/%2320+-+Lem+-DSC_0698.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Spearer Mantis Shrimp (Lysioquillana sp.) has broad, peanut-shaped, complex eyes on stalks. It is a sit-and-wait predator that ambushes passing prey from its burrow entrance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656833262-PI29OQFIO96TH2VN8EZK/%2321-Lem+-+DSC_0768.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A Helmet Shell (Cassidae sp.) is a marine snail with a large, thick shell. It feels its way along the bottom searching for food. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656833487-RW3ABR2KXABCH58J1ZK8/%2322-Lem+-DSC_8940.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia Looking like a fearsome apparition from a science fiction movie, the Bobbit Worm (Eunice sp.) is a segmented worm with 5 tentacles and massive, spring-loaded raptorial claws. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656835120-2OPNMBG2G1Q29SC507OZ/%2323-Lem+-+DSC_8957.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Bobbit Worm (Eunice sp.) is a voracious predator. It emerges from its burrow with lightening speed, seizes a fish, and then pulls the fish into its burrow where it consumes it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656835348-X0URVP6TLIFGB62L54XQ/%2324-Lem+-+.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia This Spider Crab (Xenocarcinus tuberculatus) has a smooth, shiny carapace with large spines and an algae-covered rostrum that is long and tapering. It is seen clinging to a sea whip. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656835810-TW0P7B0OSXAJRP3Y5IXS/%2325-Lem+-++DSC+1131.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia Another Spider Crab (Cyclocoeloma tuberculata) has densely packed tubercles helping it to attach anemones to its carapace. It has two black bands on each leg segment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656837828-X8A2KAAPZSAJ1TTWTXD9/%2326-Lem+-+DSC+0017.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A long slender, barely-noticeable commensal Urchin Shrimp (Stegopontonia commensales) blends in with the spines of its host sea urchin where it spends its entire life, head down. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656837903-X1OI3HR1V5698O80K6PY/%2327-2+-+DSC_9698.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia Certain Moray Eels (Muraenidae sp.), such as this one, have venomous fangs on the roofs of their mouths. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656838812-CJ29NTAOZ0JOII5BTZ0N/%2328-Lem+-+DSC_1620.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia An Elegant Squat Lobster (Alogalathea elegans) enjoys the protection of a crinoid. The squat lobster is ensured a constant food supply from the crinoid's left-overs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656840485-XWDGLCRNLCWBPY7DCB2E/%2329-2+-+DSC_1696.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A Striated Frogfish (Antennarius striatus) is covered with long, hairy filaments and has an antennae on the top of its head that it flicks back and forth in front of its mouth to attract small fish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656840604-2IXS4T3XYSK52QEKT8DP/%2330-Lem+-+DSC_1652.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Rounded Porcupinefish (Cyclichthys orbicularis) has large spines and very large eyes. It has the ability to inflate itself when threatened. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656840941-PT3EXXF9U7UJNJIDZ53Y/%2331-Lem+-+DSC+1548-2+100+sharp.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Pygmy Seahorse (Hippocampus bargibanti) clings to the branches of a Sea Fan (Muricella sp.). Usually less than 3/4", it mimics the bumpy, dark pink polyps of the fan. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656843395-N7UDCINKRANZPHCFSE23/%2332-Lem+-+DSC_9039.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia All species of male cardinalfish brood eggs in their mouths until the eggs hatch. But, the male Banggai Cardinalfish (Pteropogon kauderni) continues to shelter the newly hatched juveniles in his mouth until they can care for themselves. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656843282-Z77774TQ17QUWJA2JUC2/%2333+-Lem+-+.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A young Common Lionfish (Pterois volitans) shyly swims down the face of a sponge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656845909-JL2YVKE56M02ROO3I0NX/%2334-Lem+-+DSC_0852.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia The Moorish Idol (Zanclus cornutus) has an elongated dorsal fin that forms a trailing sickle-shaped crest. The Moorish Idol got its name from the Moors of Africa who believed the fish to be a bringer of happiness. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656846403-73N67DL5DMXDRYXFH03M/%2335-Lem+-+DSC_9006.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A pattern-on-pattern image is created with the stripes of a juvenile Common Lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the foreground and the curving arms of a large Feather Star (Crinoidea sp.) in the background. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656847372-8JFOPC2TVVT4ZQLZ2DMY/%2336-2-Lem+-+.jpg Lembeh Strait, Indonesia A female Peacock Mantis Shrimp (Odontodactylus scyllarus) holds her fertilized eggs in a globular mass with a glue-like secretion. Constantly cleaning and rotating the egg mass, she will not feed until the eggs hatch. https://www.pjdives.com/chile daily 0.75 2019-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652958092-YQ5N2D56RWH78ZVBDIE0/image01.jpg Chile The Andes is the longest continuous mountain range on earth. Like a backbone, it extends from the most northern part of South America to its southern tip, a distance of 4,500 miles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652958754-THCBKMHLT0JGH7Q94U8G/image02-2.jpg Chile The mining sector in Chile is one of the pillars of the Chilean economy, reflected by this bas relief sculpture in Santiago, the capital of Chile. Most mining in Chile is concentrated in the Norte Grande that spans the Atacama Desert. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652959323-WEBSYIR9JIKP1DTKB664/image03.jpg Chile High over the Andes, in the region of the Atacama Desert, roads leading to mining operations twist through the mountains and can be seen from the air. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652961896-HQULMTQ88NQST28Z8PUA/image04.jpg Chile Nestled within the Andean mountain range are shimmery, deep blue, freshwater lakes fed by melting snows. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652961654-H1PWIKU1044J4EU51D25/image05.jpg Chile Laguna Miniques is situated at an altitude of more than 15,000 feet. Volcanoes, ice, rocks, sand, salt and lagoons make up this impressive landscape. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652963096-NXK18L86D9WAJJBBFFR1/image06.jpg Chile Iglesia San Pedro is a delightful, little, colonial church in San Pedro de Atacama built with indigenous, artisanal materials. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652964516-QNFHF0SXDIRPG81YVVH7/image07-2.jpg Chile Iglesia San Pedro has walls of chunky adobe and a ceiling made from cardon (cactus wood) resembling shriveled tire tracks. In lieu of nails, hefty leather straps secure the cardon ceiling. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652973906-Q4E9YODVL40BQT4U5LJO/image08.jpg Chile The jagged crust of the Salar de Atacama (Atacama Salt Flat) looks like God went crazy with a stippling brush giving the surface a random pattern of small depressions as opposed to a flat surface. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652977913-LRCHAQWZ6KKMG9Z944EG/image09.jpg Chile Sunrise is feeding time for flamingos at Chaxa Lake, a salt lake in the Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos that is an oasis of activity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652977638-NGQY76JS5LQQDXZ8DGQ9/image10.jpg Chile High in the altiplano, clear, blue lakes provide mirror images of the surrounding mountain range. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652980482-03ZPI2RMY9RVET9GACV3/image11.jpg Chile Snow-dusted volcanoes, lakes, and tufts of coiron, the most characteristic perennial grass in the endless expanse of this eco-region, make up the landscape. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652981286-O3ICQVBXEMKFTTXWW1ZX/image12.jpg Chile A pair of vicuna, one of two species of wild South American camelids that live in the high alpine areas of the Chilean Andes, stroll through dense tufts of coiron. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652982926-BSDXG0G52EPT313FY8W2/image13.jpg Chile Laguna Miscanti is a glittery-blue, sweet-water, high-altitude lake dotting the altiplano and is watched over by snow-touched volcanoes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652983514-BAPSVE0P64T7JZM9MX6Z/image14.jpg Chile Volcano Licancabur is located in northern Chile near the border with Bolivia. Archaeological evidence at the summit proves that pre-Columbian ascents were made. This volcano’s summit contains the world’s highest lake. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652985417-LAUQOIWWQU3JZTGOOAAU/image15.jpg Chile The James Flamingo with its red legs and yellow and black bill is the smallest of the three species of Andean Flamingos. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652985286-U3IFCSEG00IM2G81R9FW/image16-1.jpg Chile The Giant Cardon cactus grows at altitudes of 10,000 feet in the Atacama Desert. This cactus can weigh up to 2,500 lbs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652988505-PUSDYJFW4WTV3T0VG83J/image17.jpg Chile As a protection from predators, the Cardon cactus is especially spiny when it is small. As it grows, many of the spines fall off and are not replaced. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652988570-3BC0TEMYLC7SX2WMOOGH/image18.jpg Chile Machuca is a small village n the Atacama Desert at an altitude of 13,000 feet with thatched roof homes and a beautiful white adobe church. People here farm and tend to their llamas. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652990614-V9KXN3RLY9H8GE2C2P2L/image19.jpg Chile The llama is a domesticated, long-necked ruminative (as seen here) South American camelid widely used as a pack animal by Andean cultures since pre-Hispanic times. It is also a source of meat, wool, tallow for candles, hide for leather and dried dung for fuel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652990619-PNSSLLJWJE74LZHEA6UX/image20.jpg Chile This image, shot close to sunset, displays brilliant tones of ocher. It is treeless and covered with shifting sand dunes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652993318-1HR2TG5LDLUHSASAOH50/image21.jpg Chile The Guallata Andina, or Andean Goose (Chloephaga melanoptera), is an aquatic, robust, migratory bird white in color with small, black eyes, dark-toned wings and tail, red feet and a small pink, black-tipped beak. This pair was found in the wetlands of Putana. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652992277-ZG2QFD0R227A2T06FXLG/image22.jpg Chile The best time to see the Tatio Geysers is at dawn when jets of boiling water reach into the sky, lit by the first rays of the sun in air that is below freezing. Magma near the surface creates the steam by heating water in an underground river. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652994142-5VH2W4FH2D8REZF9TAYY/image23.jpg Chile When visiting the Tatio Geysers, one must step carefully over the mineral-encrusted earth. Visitors have fallen through the thin crust into underlying pools of scalding water, suffering severe burns. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652994574-INFRPRS559GGW7XDKN1T/image24.jpg Chile El Tatio Geysers are located in the Andean mountain range at an altitude of over 14,000 feet. This geyser field is of volcanic origin and is the highest and third largest in the world. The flows of vapor can reach 35 feet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652995549-O9AAUJYUV6KAKFD1SY67/image25.jpg Chile The geysers at El Tatio erupt from holes as small as a drain in a bathroom sink or from yawning cavities as large as a manhole cover. Some, like this one, belch steam like a giant tea kettle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652996475-NFZB12IAL9IB9KQQH80U/image26.jpg Chile A small stream of steaming hot water slides over the colorful minerals on the ground that rings the geysers of El Tatio. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652998406-PTZCE97Y5IJGQBHAES9K/image27-1.jpg Chile Salt mines are caves consisting of crystals of gem salt formed by the effects of high pressure and the absence of humidity. These caves are a bizarre, natural phenomenon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653001108-NJYBSVMWKTE8AA6Z69HO/image28.jpg Chile The Three Marias is a rock formation that is over one million years old and is composed of granite, quartz, gems and clay. The Three Marias have been carved by the wind and eroded by the salt of the desert. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653001214-40GCE806H0LRT3GGMFVV/image29.jpg Chile Minerals and salts found in the Valley of the Moon are a geologist’s dream come true. Halite, commonly known as Rock Salt, is the mineral form of sodium chloride. Halite is commonly white or colorless and forms isometric crystals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653003436-HP14IBYMM32E8X1GHWU9/image30.jpg Chile In the Valley of the moon canyon walls frame a vista of sand dunes, jagged rocks and snow-covered mountains. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653003724-CNKON98RTAAOT7RO5W3X/image31.jpg Chile The Valley of the Moon is barren, inhospitable and brimming with bizarre, polychromatic, terra cotta rock formations that give it its name. This bone-dry, lunar landscape is otherworldly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653005080-BQK35XNZ1OI6KY6W48J6/image32.jpg Chile Seen from the top of a sand dune, a lone car travels across the salt-dusted terrain. In the background is the Amphitheatre of the Valley of the Moon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653005204-FLZ6PR845W5VO8KIBAT1/image33.jpg Chile An enormous sand dune in the Valley of the Moon where not a drop of rain has fallen for hundreds of years. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653006447-0QJFBB39EY5PXFFG4TUL/image34.jpg Chile Sunset at the Valley of the Moon begins by lighting up the mountains in the east with tones and shades of coral. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653006552-1Y0LAWOJC7U1GAUZ6IBR/image35.jpg Chile In the Valley of the moon, as the sun starts to set, the sky is bathed in vivid tones of pink, purple, blue and yellow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653007211-VKZHOEOPZJNUXFRAWS2V/image36.jpg Chile As sunset reaches its peak, fiery colors signal the end of the day in the Valley of the Moon in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on earth. https://www.pjdives.com/chinchorro-banks-mexico daily 0.75 2019-02-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655470781-Y44T0NXRT3V9GY52PRYY/%230+Intro+to+Gallery.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655471861-R1NIVTYMA4XMOYGW5MYY/%231+7904.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Bright red Erect Rope Sponges (Amphimedon compressa) are part of the seascape when diving at Xcalak. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655473909-R0CSE9HHRBAQT20I9D94/%232+8043.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Also to be found are Caribbean Spiny Lobsters (Panulirus argus) that have a pair of antennae longer than their bodies that are covered with spines. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655472643-2D27ESQKH28FTZ3CW1VH/%233+8051.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The Flamingo Tongue Snail (Cyphoma gibbosum) has a shell that has no pattern and is beige in color. However, the shell of this snail is covered by its beautiful mantle that is decorated with stunning colors and markings. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655473730-49O2C3IUBT62757H4HJE/%234+8234.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Unfortunately, there were also Common Lionfish (Pterois volitans), an invasive fish that is totally unwelcome, but is now a more-or-less permanent resident in this area. The guides caught the Lionfish to feed them to the crocodiles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655474176-TRTLDLZEXFXM50E9OI4B/%235+6178+Southern+Sting+Ray+Feeding.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The Southern Sting Ray (Dasyatis Americana) is a non-aggressive animal that poses little threat to humans. But, when stepped on, the ray will use his barbed spine in defense. This one flaps its fins vigorously to disturb the seabed and expose hidden prey to feed on https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655475236-FU18GATZBML8OL4JOJXK/%236+9841.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Huge aggregations of Atlantic Silversides (Menidia menidia) sway rhythmically in the current. Atlantic Silversides form large schools and are found along the shore, often within a few feet of the shoreline. They are favored prey for larger predatory fish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655475225-BBY1IDW84O238BK4G4UA/%237+0035.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico After traveling 2 hours and 36 nautical miles from Xcalak, we reached Chinchorro Bank. I had my first view of the fisherman’s shacks, the type of building in which I would stay, eat and sleep while interacting with the American Crocodile. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655476047-UP96DWE6S8CPWTMXESJ8/%238+0049+Diver+in+Fisherman_s+Shack.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The shack might not have looked comfortable, but it was. It had all of the amenities needed – a hammock in which to sleep, soft summer breezes, fresh water and food the crew had brought with us and a propane stove with which to cook. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655476047-93AFTVN6TSXONV1V9X7U/%239+0052.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico And, of course, there was a toilet area with a door that closed. One side was open giving great ventilation. Whatever was deposited into the toilet, dropped down directly into the sea. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655476988-DI7MGOH5OH8FP9KTLB30/%2310+0085.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The hammocks had been put up by my hosting fishermen. Sleeping in a hammock makes one feel like “rock-a-bye” baby. Being rocked to sleep at night with a gentle breeze – and no insects -- was a very pleasant experience. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655476871-73CLDJVD1UEET6H2YLWF/%2311+0236.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Early on the first day, I did a land visit to Chinchorro Bank to enjoy the flora and fauna, like this red Bougainvillea. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655477670-F5E61P1CN910GNEIXZWI/%2312+0172.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico This Red Iguana (Iguana iguana) was quite curious. Iguanas are native to tropical areas like Mexico. They have a large round scale on their cheeks known as a subtympanic shield, have great vision, and can see shapes, shadows, colors and movement from long distances. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655477829-JJL4EA6CYKZWSE2YMF2B/%2313+0204+Chin.+Mex.+14+Sea+Birds.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Water birds like this Ibis with its long, down-curved bill and the dark Cormorant seen here pruning its feathers were common sights. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655478643-9889SOWU3V1GTZOAVR2Z/%2314+0089.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico After my land visit on Chinchorro Bank, I returned to my fisherman’s shack to get ready for my first, in-person, in-water encounter with the American Crocodile (Crocdylus acutus). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655478716-JVZQUQMI6NNK3U78WE9C/%2316+0097.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Meanwhile, the fishermen who were hosting me in their shack were readying striped snapper along with the lionfish caught on our trip out to Chinchorro Bank to lure the crocodiles away from the mangroves and close to the shack. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655479363-KYBT7TUW5LB4ZASXF7MB/%2317+Crocodilefish.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico And the fishermen were successful. There I was standing on the deck and looking down at my first American Crocodile waiting on the surface for me to jump in and enjoy its company. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655481293-IGIQ6ST8Q2VT9YNWG2VI/%2318+9220+Croc+Smiley-Face+%281%29.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Divers know the Crocodilefish (Cymbacephalus beauforti), for its long, flat, crocodile-like snout. But the Crocodilefish is an ambush predator that waits for its prey to swim by, not a hunter like the American Crocodile. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655480462-3F3M0Q751HIN2I61I064/%2319++19147.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico I was told to NEVER, EVER take my eyes off the crocodile, because the crocodile would NEVER, EVER take his eye off me. And that became quite apparent immediately. I was also told to not to check out what I had shot, and to NEVER, EVER turn my back on the crocodile. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655481365-X68WMCAL9DCYA8H268OZ/%2321+8959.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico When I saw this crocodile, all I could think of was that my dentist would LOVE this guy. The snout of the American Crocodile is long, narrow and V-shaped which is indicative this species preference for fish as prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655481889-DQN9P3HT21G9JOSPIIMH/%2322+9053.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico I had been told American Crocodiles are not aggressive, only opportunistic. Oh, really! Fish are their primary prey but they also east small mammals and birds. They have been known to attack humans, but not often. (How often is “not often”?) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655482242-E2PBLO5JUXGAR79U70PM/%2323+9188+Croc+Over+Embankment.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico An adult American Crocodile is gray-green in color with yellow undersides. It has a scaly hide with rows of ossified scutes. One of the four biggest species of crocodile, it is truly a magnificent animal. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655482793-GNLDQL853V0NJV9KCH2K/%2324+9642.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Did you know the American Crocodile can not stick its tongue out at you? It’s tongue can’t move. It’s held at the roof of its mouth with a membrane. The American Crocodile prefers some level of salinity, and its tongue has glands to excrete salt – the same way our kidneys excrete salt for us. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655482883-ACLNGZYR8W6TBSKUCOD1/%2325+9039.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico This crocodile came down the ledge towards me. I was happy because I wanted to get some images of it coming towards. He kept coming, and coming, and I kept shooting and backing up, shooting and backing up. It was quite the experience. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655484149-XBSQUFEJFQGGCFN8JNAK/%2326+9415.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico I found it hard to believe when I saw this crocodile running because they usually crawl on their bellies. This kind of running is called “high-walking”. A large crocodile can charge at a speed of up to 10 mph. Take note of its arm position. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655484042-APJNYLS6C29WNTKSQBYU/%2327+9497.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The American Crocodile can run, and he can also GALLOP! When I saw this one galloping, I thought it looked like Godzilla. American Crocodiles are descended from dinosaurs. Crocodiles breathe air and this one was on its way to the surface for some air. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655496377-SPB2W6ACC14IX2414624/%2328+956.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico When the American Crocodile is submerged, its heart rate drops to 2 to 3 beats per minute. They usually stay submerged for about 15 minutes before coming up to breathe. If it is trying to hide from a threat, it might stay submerged for 30 minutes or more. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655497697-YV89HAOD27W4U5SXHDDO/%2329+9047.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Adult American Crocodiles have no natural predators and almost any terrestrial or riparian animal they encounter is potential prey. Reportedly, they primarily hunt during the first few hours after sunset, especially on moonless nights. But they will feed at any time. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655497759-NZKPPZFPDZ91UNBL51GN/%2331+19474.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Speaking for myself, I felt a little bit more anxious when a crocodile was trying to camouflage itself than when it was out in the open. Here, the crocodile is wallowing in algae and saw-grass while camouflaging itself. It was definitely being stealthy. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655498432-WZ5W8R821JS4ZNNTH5JP/%2332+29543.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico This American Crocodile kept coming towards me. I tried to back away but it kept coming. The crew above me slapped the water with a fish on a hook. As the crocodile went up for the fish, he stepped on my left shoulder with his right foot pushing himself up. A moment in time…. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655498482-VXLFUKVL3A20M2KICPI4/%2333+9670.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico Then it grabbed and crushed its prey with its massive, powerful jaws, pierces and grips the flesh with its razor-sharp teeth, thrashes back and forth with amazing strength, and swallows the flesh whole because it can’t chew. The croc swallows small stones that grind up the food in its stomach. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655501516-400BGUCOIUK2PSRS35FF/%2334+9106.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The American Crocodile’s main weapon is its bite. Crocodiles have the greatest bite force ever measured. The bite force of a Great White is only slightly stronger than the crocodile’s bite. The crocodile pierces the flesh of its prey with its teeth and does not let go. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655501897-9KOEWMI06WS4B63VF308/%2335+9292.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico People always want to know about the size of the American Crocodile – and, dare I say it – especially men! Males range in size from 13 feet to 16 feet, but can get as big as 20 feet. When this one flew towards me, I was certain he was 20 feet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655635259-BYF7WZMHXQGA60EOY8XE/%2330+9598+Croc+w+Fish+in+Mouth.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The crew came into the water and began feeding lionfish to the crocodiles. Look how this crocodile is almost standing. It uses its front legs almost like arms. That’s because this crocodile’s dinosaur ancestor was the archosaur, and the archosaur stood ERECT. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655502740-5T8WHHCIEH47VUNHTKE2/%2336+9632.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is a BEAUTIFUL, MAGNIFICENT, AMAZING animal. I am so happy I had a chance to see it, experience it, and learn about it. AND, as Shakespeare wrote in “As You Like It”, THEREBY HANGS A TAIL…. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655635445-ZLVVUI6U6ARBGDG68VW4/%2320++9660.jpg Chinchorro Banks, Mexico https://www.pjdives.com/komodo-island-indonesia daily 0.75 2019-02-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656577717-F7CFFJWNX99HLEWXNKL0/%231-Kom+-+.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The yellow-lipped Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) is a slow swimmer whose bite can easily kill a human. It hunts small fishes and crustaceans in crevices of he reef during the day with impunity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656578173-U72KOB4Z2AS4YIB9LB6F/%232-Kom+-+.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is a cephalopod meaning its feet are on its head. It has sophisticated eyes and excellent vision. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656580607-GH5QLT02IBE7ZTM7R48F/%233-Kom+-+.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Starfish (Linckia sp.) uses flexible arms to travel across the reef. it has the ability to re-grow lost or damaged arms. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656581020-ZXW6GY2Q7XO97HDSBVAV/%234-Kom+-+DSC_0067.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Sea Apple (Synaptula media) feeds by capturing particles of nutrients with its bronchial tentacles. The tentacles then feed the nutrients into the mouth of the Sea Apple one by one. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656583150-KR7U5MJLBYDW0MPTE1MF/%235-Kom+-+DSC_0076.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Thorny Oyster (Spondylus varians) is a bi-valve that utilizes its short white spines to attach corals, sponges, worms and sea squirts to its top shell, helping it to blend into the reef for protection. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656582027-XHVLZLRI03FJB1TISJAZ/%236-Kom+-+.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) presents its enemy with raised spikes and uplifted tentacles and flashes intense colors to frighten its intruder. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656584549-6OZYXRAIBCI3W8T6TQZQ/%237-Kom+-+DSC_0329.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia Sitting at the base of its host anemone and impervious to the sting of the anemone's tentacles, the hump-backed Ambon Shrimp (Thor amboinensis) has a refuge. It feeds on scraps dropped by its host. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656585390-5CMHKTGE9VJNCSPMWXJ5/%238-Kom+-+DSC_0349.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia This Corallimorpharia (Amplexidiscus fenestrafer) feeds on small fish that rest on it when it lies flat. When hungry, it curls up in a drawstring. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656585881-CTQYYONI2W0PCP4ORHVQ/%239-Kom+-+DSC_0384.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A brilliant Crinoid (Cenometra bella) can have between 19 and 39 arms . This one clings to a feather-like colony of hydroids. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656586648-M9HY2CJ54CIRWQZN9G1P/%2310-Kom+-+DSC_9645.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia Feeding on algae on the ocean floor, this Nudibranch (Halgerda malesso), marches along unconcernedly. Note the large, orange-tipped ridges on its body. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656586764-S2XH2779K1IA3T5M3N98/%2311-Kom+-+DSC_0640.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Hermit Crab (Dardanus logopodes) perches at the rim of a sponge (Xestospongia sp.) before heading out to feed. Hermit Crabs occupy abandoned shells. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656588749-V7RK1M6C646XS5QIO30R/%2312-2-Koim+-+DSC_0550.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia Zebra Crabs (Zebrida adamsii) have legs with spines. The last segment of the leg has a hook used to hold onto the spines of sea urchins as seen here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656587563-1SUH2GPOWRI17MOORJ12/%2313-Kom+-+DSC_0830.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Spanish Dancer (Hexabranchus sanguineus) is the largest of the nudibranchs reaching a maximun size of 12". It undulates through the water column resembling a Spanish dancer, its namesake. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656589368-04028T2ZRSOOPAP6I9OJ/%2314-Kom+-+DSC_1123.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Elegant Squat Lobster (Allobalathea elegans) has an oval body, sharp rostrum, and abnormally long chelipeds (claw-like appendages) . This one sits in the center of its crinoid host. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656589733-T9KLAU7XKZC4F6N7E7L4/%2315-Kom+-+DSC_3732.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Crinoid (Crinoidea sp.) clings to the side of a wall enjoying the nutrient-laden current while schools of fish swim up and down the wall. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656591356-2HQ7M6WLEUIV4GAECXEL/%2316-Kom+-+DSC_9844.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia Surgeonfish (Acanthurus mata) have a folding spike on each side of their bodies that they use to slice open attackers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656591600-HC3T8M25INWKVEX5K962/%2317-Kom+-+DSC_0890.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Broad Club Cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus), master of disguise, can become speckled, occelate, stipled, lineate, whorled, iridescent, change to any color -- all in different combinations -- and all in less than a second. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656593327-QTPPS5418IGDJ3RDQDOM/%2318-Kom+-+DSC_3541.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Solar-Powered Nudibranch (Phyllodesmium longicirra) feeds on Leather Corals (genus Carcophyton) and stores the algae in its cerata where the cerata continue to live and to produce nutrients for the nudibranch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656593461-U0C9XH8QS4GJHBVLM3W6/%2319-2-Kom+-+DSC_0942.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Green Moray Eel (Gymnothorax funebris) permits a Blue-Lined Cleaner Wrasse (Labroides sp.) to clean its mouth of parasites and diseased tissue. It even allows the wrasse to pick between its teeth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656594921-SQ3D8W027NTRPUCZWFIF/%2320-2-Kom+-+DSC_3776.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Sailfin Goby (Amblyeleotris randalii), usually found on white patches in caves, has beautiful coloring and a large "sail" fin that it raises as a warning to predators. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656596377-9SSTCOBK5X1QCBI1ZA1V/%2321-Kom+-+DSC_9099.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Leaf Fish (Taenianotus tricanthus) has a compact body. It sways back and forth in the current in imitation of a leaf while waiting to ambush its prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656597455-I5ILVL6VQ0MX6UV7YE1T/%2322-2-Kom+-+DSC_1065.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Bearded Scorpionfish (Scorpaenopsis barbata) lays motionless on hard coral waiting for prey while trusting its camouflage to protect it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656598352-KA9DZGNY6BPAE9PI57RM/%2323-Kom+-+DSC_9655.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia Each of these Tube Worms (Protruba magnifica) has a relatively large (2" to 3" across) colorful brachial crown (the feathery part). The rest of each of the worms (90%) remains hidden in its self-made tube. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656599667-WKTA1ICAPZEZS5SU08E5/%2324-Kom+-+DSC_3621.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Brittle Star (Ophiothrix sp.) entwines itself within the bright orange polyp leaves of a Sea Pen (Pteroeides sp. 2) at night. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656600338-IYEODWHRJ8CZ5CC5SJ90/%2325-Kom-+DSC_1507.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Moon-Faced Slug (Euselenops luniceps) is a voracious predator and, unlike other slugs, is capable of swimming. it spends most of its life under the sand and only comes out to find food and to mate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656600821-DV1CWUPJA7520LAS6NY1/%2326-Kom+-+DSC_3351.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The bell-shaped Upside Down Jellyfish (Cassiopeia Andromeda) has elaborately-fringed branching arms. When at rest, it lies upside down in the sand absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis by the symbiotic algea in its tissues. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656603443-0FE2FBYQ5CUFC8R9A0GD/%2327-Kom+-+DSC_9028.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Divaricate Soft True Coral (Dendronepthya (Roxasia) sp.), with polyps open in order to feed on nutrients in the current, hosts a color-coordinated blenny. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656602585-YI4UEQGGJWCA50RA1Z6Q/%2328-Kom+-+DSC_9219.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia An Orangutan Crab (Achaeus jamponicus), aptly named for its long, furry , orange appendages, sits on a bubble anemone. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656605172-UMES9YUGP9J37E8RR9TK/%2329-Kom+-+DSC_9934.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia Brilliant in color with a stunning pattern, this Spiny Lobster (Panulirus versicolor) climbs the wall of a reef at night in search of food. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656604814-E1Y9JDTLQU56R0XZY6CM/%2330-Kom+-+DSC_3716.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A pair of Lionfish (Pterois vlitans) cruises along the reef unconcernedly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656606227-TA41SZSRX9BCBEGEIB8D/%2331-Kom+-+.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia The Red-Speckled Blenny (Cirripectes variolosus), appearing to have measles, peers out from his home in an algae-covered rock. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656607349-TMPWZYOODI3A190D4NQG/%2332-Kom+-+.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A colony of Sea Squirts (Clavelina flava) cling to the hard substrate of the reef. These Sea Squirts have transparent tunics and twin siphons for filtering nutrients. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656607394-C01W9FPVLHYIXGIUAQWO/%2333-Kom+-+DSC_1029.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Giant Frogfish (Antennarius commersoni) shows off the fine, intricate pattern etched on his face. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656609381-M8L9Q1L64IEF09ZNVCSC/%2334-Kom+-+DSC_0889.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A Pink Anemonefish (Ampihiprion perideraion) peeks out from the tentacles of a Magnificent Sea Anemone (Hecteractis magnifica) that is partially closed while it feeds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656609382-12UPH8HQQG6XESPQP2SU/%2335-3-Kom+-+.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia A mating pair of Koror Shrimp (Periclimenes kororensis), with white, spiny heads and eyes and long, transparent chelipeds, rests on a Nipple Anemone (Heliopora actiniformis). NOTE the eggs in the abdomen of the larger shrimp. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546656611283-WEFT7UAAQPMS6ZBB8QAD/%2336-Kom++DSC_1242-3.jpg Komodo Island, Indonesia Branching, bright red Sea Whips (Ctenocella (Ellisella) sp.) frame a diver in the water column. https://www.pjdives.com/bunaken-2014 daily 0.75 2019-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654986171-I5GY6QEHVW4ZR4FWVJ6M/%231+3666%2C+Indo+15%2C+Hard+Coral+Garden.jpg Bunaken 2014 A seascape of many varieties of hard coral decorated by soft corals crowns the top of a reef. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654985667-94KOMQAK3XTHAYUGVEHA/%232+6646%2C+Indo+15%2C+Cuttlefish+on+Defense.jpg Bunaken 2014 A Broadclub Cuttlefish, Sepia latimanus, in defensive mode, arches its body backwards, throws up its two front tentacles menacingly, and extends the spikes on the under belly of its body. The Broadclub Cuttlefish gets its common name from the wide pads on the ends of its feeding tentacles that it uses to catch prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654986251-EEO3TDQTLQWMJGT7X36C/%233+0612%2C+Domed+Elbow+Crab%2C+Aethra+edentata.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Domed Elbow Crab, Aethra edentata, has small eyes and a rather triangular head. It is seen here eating from the tubercle of a starfish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654987081-TWQJJN3J74US29Q1MIIP/%234+3073%2C+Indo+14%2C+Feather+Star+on+Sponge.jpg Bunaken 2014 Feather Stars, Crinoidea, are the delicate flowers of the sea. A Feather Star has only a single opening in its body that functions as both its mouth and its anus. It captures food with its delicate arms and brings it directly to its mouth. It expels waste from its anus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654987567-5V23A7BW450FF4H4H0S3/%235+7082%2C+Indo+15%2C+T-Bone+Nudibranch%2C+Ceratosoma+tenue.jpg Bunaken 2014 This T-Bone Nudibranch, Ceratosoma tenue, is tough-bodied, brilliantly colored, and extremely long-tailed. It has side gills that are highly branched and a broad purple border on its mantle. It is a shell-less mollusk that can found travelling along the bottom mostly in rocky areas. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1549428070694-6X1ZM8IQDPW7AKJQR36V/7029%2C+BEST%2C+Indo+14%2C+Tiger+Shrimp.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Tiger Shrimp, Phyllognathia ceratophthalmus, is an exceptionally strange, and outrageously beautiful shrimp. About 1/2” in size, it is covered with sharp spines, and is a very fast and agile runner. Its off-white body has dark blue and orange markings. It is very, very rare and very, very shy. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654989001-T2EJJ9M9B3EXL8DDJJAH/%237+8090%2C+Indo+15%2C+Juvenile+Lionfish.jpg Bunaken 2014 The juvenile Common Lionfish, Pterios volitans, is known for its 18 venomous spines that advertise its ability to protect itself. Skilled hunters, they have a specialized swim bladder that provides them with exquisite control of their location in the water column. The lionfish spreads its large pectoral fins and swallows its prey in a single motion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654989030-4ISHQ6POTYCQ56GEV4TN/%238+5701%2C+Indo+15%2C+Sea+Cucumber+%281%29.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Blackpotted Sea Cucumber, Bohadschia graeffei, is a cylindrical sea cucumber that grows to about one foot in length. Its mouth is surrounded by up to 24 leaf-like, paddle-shaped tentacles with black stalks that are black on the top and white underneath beneath. A scavenger, it roams the seabed sifting through sediment with its feeding tentacles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654989613-J3HB3PCFAEQJR3DC9CHV/%239+0703%2C+Indo+14%2C+Train+Nudibranchs.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Train Nudibranch, Risbecia tryoni, is usually found crawling in pairs with one attached to the back of the other in train-like fashion. The reason for this is a mystery. This genus of nudibranch has a high body profile with a mantle edge that is extended well away from the sides of the body. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654990585-T3UYY36PQLRM1W7SCDGE/%2310+7741%2C+Indo+15%2C+Stonefish.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa, is the world’s most venomous fish and is a master of camouflage. Via its dorsal fin spines, it can inject venom capable of killing an adult in less than an hour. It does not use its venom to capture prey, but to avoid predation. The white flower-like organ is its eye; its down-turned yellow mouth is on the lower left. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654990052-D9TBZ1Z24TRYAGEASBIA/%2311+2898%2C+Indo+14%2C+Turtle.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas, is an endangered reptile that has an average life span in the wild of over 80 years. This turtle is an herbivore feeding on grasses and algae that gives its flesh a greenish color. It is a large, weighty turtle that unlike other turtles occasionally clambers onto land to sunbathe. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654991160-G0H78CJ1IA3K0K3AW7T0/%2312+6166+BEST+Indo%2C+Turtle+Right+Turn.jpg Bunaken 2014 This Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricta, is critically endangered. Typically, these turtles grow to about 3 feet in length and weigh about 180 pounds. This turtle was resting on a ledge on the wall of the reef when it decided to swim to the open sea. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654991961-8X5QBSYR89BFEVXIJP7I/%2313+7138+Indo+14%2C+Hairy+Octopus.jpg Bunaken 2014 The 2-inch Hairy Octopus, Octopus sp. (undescribed), is considered to be the “Holy Grail” of weird and wonderful marine critters. Covered with red/orange hair-like protrusions and numerous, long skin flaps, it is often mistaken for turf or sea weed. Extremely rare and quite difficult to spot, it inhabits sandy/rubble areas. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654991863-JDMCOMR8TCL7V2ETAEUA/%2314+9549%2C+Zenia+Swimming+Crab%2C+Caphyra+sp.+1.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Zenia Swimming Crab, Caphyra sp., is a commensal crab that can be found living with xenia soft coral. Its patterns and colors allow it to blend in perfectly with the soft coral with which it is associated. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654992399-NKYS4FXKTPZJZZDECSBU/%2315+2388%2C+Indo14%2C+Juvenile+Cowfish.jpg Bunaken 2014 The juvenile Yellow Boxfish, Ostracion cubicus, is as cute as can be. It will turn from orange to yellow as an adult. When feeding, a boxfish will sometimes squirt a jet of water into the sand to uncover small plants and invertebrates that it then sucks into its mouth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654992615-IUM85B4P19SL40WPHZEP/%2316+3855%2C+Zanzibar+Commensal+Shrimp%2C+Dasycaris+symbiotes.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Zanzibar Shrimp, Dasycaris zanzibarica, is a pretty, little, commensal shrimp that can only be found in association with the sea whips (antipatharians) on which it lives. The large humps on its thorax and abdomen mimic the polyps of its host sea whip. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654993788-ZGTGVKWFGKA86RY030J2/%2317+7229%2C+Indo+15%2C+Lionfish.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Shortfin Lionfish or Dwarf Lionfish, Dendrochirus brachypterus, rarely grows over 6 inches. It has red, white and black vertical stripes along is body with large, fan-like pectoral fins and tall, quill-like dorsal fins. Its top spines are venomous. Inactive during the day, it feeds mainly on crabs at night. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654993409-7ZR35PQD6V7FICQJCEG8/%2318+9412%2C+Indo+14%2C+Snapping+Shrimp+in+Sponge%2C+Alpheun+eulimene.jpg Bunaken 2014 This Snapping Shrimp, Alpheun eulimene, is capable of producing a loud, snapping sound used for hunting and communication. It snaps its larger, specialized claw shut to produce the snapping sound that stuns its prey. This shrimp competes with the sperm whale and beluga whale for the title of loudest animal in the sea. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1549428205120-2433PEHL2LH0BLM9Z2X6/4254.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Leaf Scorpionfish, Taenianotus triacanthus, is a small, compressed, very pretty, colorful scorpionfish with a high, long, sail-like dorsal fin that is stands upright. It sways back and forth in the current disguising itself as a leaf while waiting to ambush its prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654994518-G3X1QOUF1QXRPI527W3C/%2320+5737%2C+Indo14%2C+Juv.+Barramundi+Cod.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Barramundi Cod, Cromileptes altivelis, has a small head. It is pale grey in color and has black spots all over its body and fins. Its elongated snout gives it a humpback appearance. This species of grouper is listed as “vulnerable” on the “Threatened List”. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654994466-L4X1L0FC77DHMASRHNNU/%2321+3109%2C+Indo+14%2C+Flatworm.jpg Bunaken 2014 Flatworms have a wafer-thin, oval body and no external gills. Their color patterns are dazzling and advertise their toxic properties to potential predators. Their movement is fast and surprisingly elegant. They glide on the substrate via a self-secreted layer of mucous. This species is not yet described. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654995299-FN6M9SGA14SWLWB52MJ9/%2322+3909%2C+Indo+14%2C+Bargibanti+Pygmy+Seahorse.jpg Bunaken 2014 Bargibanti’s Pygmy Seahorse, Hippocampus bargibanti, was the first species of pygmy seahorse discovered. Less than ½-inch in size, with a long prehensile tail, it lives exclusively on gorgonian fans. Large, bulbous tubercles cover its body and match the color and shape of the polyps of its host. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654995345-0C4MGN69UJRPCNRAEW5J/%2323+5022%2C+Indo+14%2C+Banded+Boxer+Shrimp.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Banded Shrimp, Stenopus hispidus, is a cleaner shrimp that waves its long antennae to entice passing fish to stop by its “cleaning station”. Its spectacular red-and-white coloration also advertises its “cleaner” identity, giving it a degree of safety from roving predators. This one is carrying blue eggs in its abdomen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654996031-RWO3NXDIZ0ZPCIBEU260/%2324+0748%2C+Indo+14%2C++Mandarinfish.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus, has a complex, almost fluorescent livery in hues of orange, green, yellow and blue that gave fish its appropriate nickname of “psychedelic fish”. They are small, extremely shy, and hard to find due to their choice of habitat -- broken blocks of coral rubble in shallow water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654996201-T9GFZ64NXV2YX85WJUZ4/%2325+4198%2C+Bangka+Island%2C+Choriaster+granulatus%2C+Indo14%2C+Pin+Cushion+Starfish%2C+WA+%281%29.jpg Bunaken 2014 Clinging to a wall, this Cushion Sea Star, Choriaster granulatus, is a large sea star that is easily identified by its five distinctive, large, short, thick conical arms. It feeds on algae, detritus and dead animals. One of its predators is the sea snail known as Triton’s Trumpet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654996607-XG42EUKXP8457F569C9K/%2326+3203%2C+Indo14%2C+Scorpion+Spider+Conch.jpg Bunaken 2014 This Scorpion Spider Conch, Lambis scorpius, is large sea snail. It has a beautifully colored, lined, thick shell with long spines resembling a scorpion. This conch lives in the intertidal and shallow subtidal mud, sand, and coral rubble where the surges of waves can be intense. Researchers believe its spines prevent it from rolling on the bottom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654996823-OHJ6KWSVQAK38YHN19SY/%2327+3002%2C+Indo+14%2C+Porcelain+Crab%2C+Pachycheles+sp.jpg Bunaken 2014 These Porcelain Crabs, Pachycheles sp., are small, usually ½-inch in size. Their bristly bodies are compact and flat enabling them to hide in crevices. They are quite fragile, hence their name, often shedding their limbs to escape predators. They have large claws that are used for territorial struggles, but not for catching food. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654997246-OOL4JIHFVM03NVV2WG3I/%2328+5926%2C+Indo+14%2C+Hermit+Crab.jpg Bunaken 2014 Hermit Crabs take refuge in empty shells – which they regularly outgrow – to protect their soft abdomens. This Anemone Hermit Crab, Dardanus pedunculatus, has spiny front claws, green eyes, and red-and-white striped eye stalks. The last two reduced pairs of legs hold the shell that is its home. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654997549-Y5V13AACGFX5CR28BL35/%2329+3652%2C+Indo+14%2C+Nudibranch%2C+Hypselodoris+bullocki.jpg Bunaken 2014 This Robe Hem nudibranch, Hypselodoris apolegma, is purple with a speckled white marginal band, orange rhinopores, and a tall, yellow-orange gill. Constantly on the prowl for food, it moves along the bottom quite slowly, making it a target for boisterous fish. All nudibranchs are hermaphrodites. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654998014-DRXBCQF13Y2G61FDJCXU/%2330+4359%2C+Indo14%2C+Coral+Marbled+Shrimp.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Coral Marbled Shrimp, Saron neglectus, typically inhabits stands of finger-like branching hard corals. These unbelievably beautiful shrimp have amazing colors and are curious in shape. They are extremely shy and are seldom observed because of their secretive nature and strictly nocturnal habits. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654998129-BIRTBM03KX8Y3LQYRHIF/%2331+5932%2C+Indo+14%2C+Anemone+Porcelain+Crab.jpg Bunaken 2014 This Porcelain Crab, Neopetrolisthes maculatus, is commensal with several species of large carpet anemones. Its large front claws are used to fend off predators. Look closely and you can see this one feeding by combing organic particles from the water using its long, feathery, hair-like setae that extend from its mouth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654998733-DHCC9VHFQZ97GIUGA229/%2332+6581%2C+Indo+14%2C+Inimicus+Dadyctylus.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Spiny Devilfish, Inimicus didactylus, is so ugly that it is beautiful. Normally, it is at least partially buried in the coarse sand with only its upturned mouth and protruding eyes visible. It “walks” on the finger-like rays of its pectoral fins. A cluster of fringed, disarrayed, long dorsal spines on its back can inflict painful, venomous wounds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546654999251-4O3BDX5RYK315K8CI0H8/%2333+4901+BEST%2C+Indo+15%2C+Hard+Coral+on+Wall.jpg Bunaken 2014 Several species of hard coral decorated with fern-like soft corals provide a wondrous landscape. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655000067-DL2ZS2MW9GDSDESCTXZQ/%2334+6854%2C+BEST%2C+Indo+15%2C+Reef+Scene+w+Anthias%2C+Bangka.jpg Bunaken 2014 A seascape that has it all – hard and soft corals, fans, and schools of small fish, including Anthias. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655000736-HFLKFU4I2ISXUN3P68FM/%2335+5875%2C+Indo+14%2C+Spot-leegged+Coral+Crab%2C+Trapezia+guttata.jpg Bunaken 2014 The Spot-legged Coral Crab, Tralpecia guttata), is found exclusively among Seriotopora hystrix Hard Corals. The top of its carapace is usually white or tan. It is seen here feeding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655000727-T5QTGVOX0EILM8Z0VJQ9/%2336+%233849%2C+Indo+14%2C+Pontohi+Pygmy+Seahorse.jpg Bunaken 2014 The amazingly beautiful Pontohi Pygmy Seahorse, Hippocampus pontohi, is cryptic, carnivorous, and free-living on Halimeda algae. Pygmy seahorses are among the smallest known vertebrates. 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661468668-JKKJQRRO6NY9BFKTJT0P/%2322+Turks+5-2-11-72-sh-Spotted+Moray+Eel_D2X8026-2.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661468781-371AWUG1F5WTR51Y9TZ6/%2323+Turks+5-1-11-72-sh-Blenny+Secretary_D2X7831-3.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661470474-NQ7MCEK43DZCASNW1ULW/%2324+-+Turks+5-6-11-72-sh-Parrot_D2X8711.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661470294-OMZWJDMMMRZNTFPAFGSP/%2325+Turks+5-5-11-72-sh-Wrasse_D2X8652-2.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661472860-UUKE8TMOJ1AEY68P33WM/%2326+Turks+5-5-11-72-sh-Elephant+Ear+Sponge_D2X8546-2.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661472044-V03BD7IRPFQ1W1OKQ10C/%2327+Turks_D2X8689.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661473456-CFEHLYXM4FTEFANHWCDS/%2328+5-1-11-72-sh-Green+Turtle_D2X7895-3.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661475509-J2WGHJJJWR4ODSZWG7XJ/%2329+Turks+5-4-11-72-sh-17th+Cent+Spanish+Anchor_D2X8397-2+copy.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661475669-AA5UMYO34MUSH3OJBCQ3/%2330+Turks+5-4-11-72-sh-Red+Hermit+Crabs_D2X8026.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661478044-HCQGX5PXNBJGFA1U6F4L/%2331+Turks+5-6-11-72-sh-Feather+Duster+Worms_D2X8715-2.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661478909-AYJJLB5JVTQGLWKSG29T/%2332+5-5-11-300-72-sh-Gorgonians+w+Encrusting_D2X8583-2.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661479462-I5X2F0N131405SQ8SZ9U/%2333+Turks+5-1-11-72-sh-Spiny+Head+Blenny-D2X7875-2.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661480355-OVYV8W5JO6EM8JXYDHGG/%2334+Turks+5-5-11-72-2-sh-Yellowtail+Snapper_D2X8663-2.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661480651-NQTW99Q92SBUEW440FBC/%2335+Turks+5-4-11-72-sh-Reef+Shark_D2X8460-3.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546661481220-PQKC8Y0VLAGUUXLGXFXS/%2336+Turks-3+5-5-11-300-unsh-Shark+Close-Up-_D2X8602.jpg Turks & Caicos, Atlantic Ocean https://www.pjdives.com/bolivia daily 0.75 2019-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652633565-5EOVOZP6KU6AF5LVS958/01image.jpg Bolivia Laguna Celeste is more romantically known as “Heaven Lake”. As local legend has it that there is a submerged ruin, possibly a chullpa, (a stone tomb) in this lake. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652633869-8XKALZF9L8B5P8VL50KH/02image.jpg Bolivia Laguna Blanca is milky in appearance, coated with ice, and filled with Borax. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652635361-FIRX1H3NOGTJVK9PWNT5/03image.jpg Bolivia Laguna Verde is blue/green in color due to deposits of arsenic, lead, copper and other heavy minerals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652635617-G2K8J7IGWWYH06W3CJWN/04image.jpg Bolivia Termas de Polque is a hot-water spring with mineral-rich water and a wonderful view of the snow-covered mountains in the distance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652636713-8889IQEH1BEJKNRJJ9LE/05image.jpg Bolivia Sol de Manana has geysers with water temperatures of 380 degrees fahrenheit, fumaroles and mud pots. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652637500-CKDH9BR8TIEETT72HHLY/06image.jpg Bolivia Bubbling mud pots at Sol de Manana give off thick, and sometimes stomach-turning, aromas of sulfur fumes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652638410-G12RRU20JFN5PZYPUVPG/07image.jpg Bolivia The fiery red color of Laguna Colorado is derived from algae and plankton that thrive in the mineral-rich water. The shoreline is fringed with brilliant white deposits of sodium, magnesium, borax and gypsum. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652639128-OXMK2F16SRW0ZBVG7J56/08image.jpg Bolivia Laguna Hedionda is set in a backdrop of snow-covered mountains and hosts various migratory species of flamingos. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652639811-B5LV6M58ED0MUE8ANWCR/09image.jpg Bolivia The flamingos at Laguna Hedionda are not as pink as those at other lagoons because the algae that creates the pink color in flamingos is comparatively less there than at other lagoons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652640573-DUCFDQ8S33TOXQGUJZ90/10image.jpg Bolivia The afternoon sun shines on a herd of wild vicunas running across the Altiplano. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652642068-2KCI0L6QUL3K3RG1AARY/11image.jpg Bolivia Salar de Uyuni at sunrise looks like a never-ending expanse of sparkling diamonds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652642651-360G4P7JE9GDLN37UF98/12image.jpg Bolivia A young Bolivian man experiences the blinding white vastness of the Salar de Uyuni at sunrise. This is the largest salt flat in the world, close to 5 square miles in size and at an altitude of 12,000 feet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652643612-9O9XGI9SVAEOXL7VI80Y/13image.jpg Bolivia A pair of llamas greet the morning atop a small hill at Isla Incahuasi located in the center of the Salar de Uyuni. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652644010-HL3HNMTD810KNMARZB3S/14image.jpg Bolivia A portrait of a llama who lives on the Isla Incahuasi. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652646136-NV1RJQ72TAQNK6M4I7D6/15image.jpg Bolivia Isla Incahuasi is covered by a forest of Trichoreus Cacti that grow one centimeter each year. The tallest cactus is 12 meters high making it 1,200 years old. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652646394-QMT79ATPTH6QZPSYNWZ6/16image.jpg Bolivia Isla Incahuasi translates as House of the Incas. One million years ago the Salar de Uyuni, the salt flat on which this island is located, was a sea. The island, which is made of coral, attests to that fact. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652647452-X23124NP9CIRDTIBF1CU/17image.jpg Bolivia A portrait of a Bolivian child who lives at Isla Incahuasi with her family. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652648478-TSA7RNCR2JYPQR6HQHWW/18image.jpg Bolivia Bofedales (wetland areas) are spread around the periphery of the Uyuni Salt Flats. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652649668-NCIJC8IWVKHELN8T6K37/19image.jpg Bolivia Salt is hacked out of the Salar de Uyuni by subsistence farmers using picks. It is then shoveled into conical piles awaiting transport. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652650948-ENI3T4YXHMASP6KIIXLV/20image.jpg Bolivia At least 10 billion tons of salt remain in the Salar de Uyuni. Old, still-functioning trucks, like this one, are used to bring the harvested salt to the railroad for transport to refineries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652651417-JQG5UX6E8VHFZILM2YRT/21image.jpg Bolivia Sunset at Salar de Uyuni illuminates its hexagonal tiles of salt. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652651685-QDXEQSXSMP2Z2CACZ3FI/22image.jpg Bolivia Sunset at Salar de Uyuni. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652653496-EVPZ6XG367Y8QI2MRHGD/23image.jpg Bolivia Most of the salt from Salar de Uyuni is sold to refiners and hauled off by rail, but some is exchanged with local villages for wool, meat and grease or sold at the local market to tourists. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652653877-GND6LMULC9ILS9CSZ85F/24image.jpg Bolivia The market in Colchani sells trendy items like these brightly-patterned shoes as well as utilitarian items like the toilet paper seen in the background. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652656544-OLRLHKQ60O7GZBMYQY4U/25image.jpg Bolivia Bolivian fabrics in typical colors and patterns are for sale at the market in Colchani. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652656326-TEKYBGDSYZMJWHB4ZL93/26image.jpg Bolivia A young Bolivian woman waits to take part in a religious procession in the city of Uyuni. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652659244-7AWIRPCKO8BEHUKMLSPY/27image.jpg Bolivia A group of young Bolivians will dance in a religious procession in Uyuni. Their dance routine is based on traditional Andean dances, but it has been given a distinctly modern twist. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652658789-NWNYIFMOQJNKHSNDMW94/28image.jpg Bolivia With the arrival of the Spanish, European dances and the dances of African slaves were introduced into the Andes. This resulted in the hybrid dances and costumes that now characterize most Bolivian celebrations. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652660731-EA0CG2CONLXEBPTK20NU/29image.jpg Bolivia Several post-colonial dances are traditionally performed as satire, poking fun at the colonists as seen in this dancer’s mask and costume representing a Spanish aristocrat. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652660826-M6QAO2CPJOEKSCDHQCX9/31image.jpg Bolivia A young Bolivian boy, in formal dress, takes part in a religious celebration in Uyuni. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652663986-Q9QP5FPC1YW0VLMQ83IT/32image.jpg Bolivia Most dances in the Altiplano area are performed by fraternidades (groups). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652663714-59MSHTJXEGSJJQXDL7R4/33image.jpg Bolivia A young Bolivian woman dances with her fraternidade in Uyuni. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652665810-YOJH3W2FP990AAK1R83E/34image.jpg Bolivia Masks worn by dancers in the Altiplano are generally more melancholy than those worn by dancers in the warmer lowlands. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652665993-NC8HF941MUMWIX0LVYY6/35image.jpg Bolivia A Bolivian man of the Altiplano in traditional dress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652667279-6W3GIVCBFZ7Y8ZEWABCU/36image.jpg Bolivia A Bolivian woman of Andean descent wears a traditional 19th century, European-style bowler hat introduced into Bolivia in the 1920’s by railway workers. 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https://www.pjdives.com/bhutan daily 0.75 2019-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652281786-UFTFBXKESJC0VGQ3UI1I/01image.jpg Bhutan A Buddhist monk stands alongside the doorway of a temple as if to say, “Welcome to the Kingdom of Bhutan also known as the ‘Kingdom of Happiness’”. Enjoy your visit. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652281715-ULTI3SMN7LQ5R1N2FN22/02image.jpg Bhutan Bhutan is located in Central Asia, bordered in the west by Nepal, the south and southeast by India, and the north by Tibet and the Himalayas. An early morning stop at Dochu La Pass provided this view of the snow-capped Himalayan Mountains. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652283157-PGS7QTKX47TQ6EMGLX08/03image.jpg Bhutan Buddhism permeates everyday life in Bhutan. The overwhelming number of the 700,000 people in Bhutan practice Buddhism embracing the idea of accumulating merit, respecting the natural environment and respecting religious practitioners. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652283278-B2X0ETETQLQNOBXXAKHD/04image.jpg Bhutan Prayer flags flutter throughout Bhutan. These prayer flags line the climb to the top of Cheli La Pass where a view of the snow-capped Himalayan Mountains is possible and, if luck holds, Jomolhari, Bhutan’s 2nd highest mountain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652284898-XUHSW9JSETRV7YQZ0J72/05image.jpg Bhutan Religious paintings are usually found in temples. This rock painting of Guru Rinpoche, who introduced Buddhism to Bhutan, can be seen from the roadside. Guru Rinpoche is regarded as the second Buddha. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652284803-RMB8EF6XKE2NDS0AZSUX/06image.jpg Bhutan A dzong is a fortress that includes courtyards, temples, administrative offices and accommodations for monks. The Panakha Dzong, seen here, hosted the wedding of the King and Queen of Bhutan in October 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652285630-8D0U08OG2NFLFNV6S5AW/07image.jpg Bhutan A monk descends the stairs of Paro Dzong. This dzong was used on numerous occasions to defend the Paro Valley from invasions from Tibet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652286563-OQSX0FJ03RW9GNSO7WM1/08image.jpg Bhutan A procession of monks crosses the courtyard of the Paro Dzong after a religious ceremony at the nearby river called Paro Chhu. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652286755-J9G30XKLRMGFZO5YO9XF/09image.jpg Bhutan A trio of monks in Paro Dzong is thrilled at the opportunity to use a pair of binoculars loaned to them by a sympathetic tourist to watch a religious ceremony outside the dzong. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652287738-AYS3Q8SDNG8XJXK38Q27/10image.jpg Bhutan Inside Paro Dzong monks play religious instruments, including the long horns called dungchen. Dungchen are made of copper, collapse telescopically to facilitate transport, and are always played in pairs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652288355-Q9ZOZRHR6A1P55TIKKCG/11image.jpg Bhutan Rice, buckwheat and maize are the primary crops in Bhutan and are the staples of Bhutanese cuisine. Rice paddies play a role in rural, panoramic vistas. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652288525-F31WC8MTA2GTNJJ6T7MR/12image.jpg Bhutan Archery is Bhutan’s national sport and competitions are held regularly in most villages. The targets are tiny; the distances quite far. Competitive banter and ritual singing and dancing between competitors add to the fun and drama. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652289958-O19IDB44UHUNR4JI6I4F/13image.jpg Bhutan A local woman on the deck of a restaurant in a rural area wears the national dress including a traditional, elaborate silver clip on her left shoulder that holds her ankle-length dress called a kira in place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652289797-JFIGBHQMBQCGVM9WF9PH/14image.jpg Bhutan Even small villages in agricultural areas have temples. This man has just finished his devotions in one of these rural temples. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652290355-OODC8AYTSDH2OKA780O9/15image.jpg Bhutan A female Buddhist nun uses prayer beads for her devotions. It is not uncommon for a young woman to commit to one of the royalty-funded Buddhist nunneries where she will spend her entire life. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652290806-55WLXEFN2DIDYGQFM4YM/16image.jpg Bhutan Religious festivals called tsechus are held annually by most dzongs where dance dramas are performed by monks and lay people dressed in masks and colorful costumes. This dancer performs at the Thimpu Tsechu. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652292649-21RF4HBYY9AF5C3LT320/17image.jpg Bhutan These men are in the audience of the Thimpu Tsechu. They are dressed in the national dress that is required to be worn when attending any religious or public event as well as when working. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652291988-JQ7VTQ1RIB7Q8QK90BJB/18image.jpg Bhutan People are happy to attend the tsechus. It is a time to dress in your finest clothing, visit with friends and family, share a picnic lunch outside the dzong, and obtain religious merit through attendance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652292925-4A9M7WDD5F16RYV1D3I7/19image.jpg Bhutan A dancer at the Thimpu Tsechu showers the audience with ground rice from his woven basket. The heavy wooden masks worn by the dancers depict heroes, demons, death heads, animals and gods. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652293520-SNY1CB7QFX316V6OW4QP/20image.jpg Bhutan A dancer at the Thimpu Tsechu is dressed in her festival finery, including traditional necklaces. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652293920-JJF7DU6KULW03H9LB17A/21image.jpg Bhutan A young boy dressed in his finest brocade is transfixed with the dance dramas taking place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652294000-NQL3YJVSFU6K1AJQI6OP/22image.jpg Bhutan A woman uses her scarf to shield her head from the extremely hot mid-day sun. Wearing hats is considered to be disrespectful in the presence Je Khenpo, the Chief Abbott and head of Bhutan’s monastic body, who is in attendance at the Thimpu Tsechu. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652294983-4CN5KH96EIWKCDSZH1L7/23image.jpg Bhutan During the mask dances, the Buddhist deities are invoked to remove misfortunes. These dances are believed to suppress evil spirits and demons and to bring happiness to all sentient beings. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652296500-W8GJW3PG81DU8R1M6AU0/24image.jpg Bhutan Phallic symbols are found throughout Bhutan. Often they are painted on homes to the side of the doorway and are believed to prevent family quarrels within the home. These are esoteric symbols believed to ward off the evil eye and to bring good luck. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652296814-4XDQ3Y5OREV5SQU9OFJY/25image.jpg Bhutan The wood mask of the atsara (clown at tsechus) is painted bright red with a huge nose, exaggerated facial features, a perpetual grin, a wooden phallus atop the head, and in this image in the groin area, too. This revered folk figure plays the role of a jester. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652297654-FIG8KCX9A1QEAMFZ3TB9/26image.jpg Bhutan Yaks are massive animals with thick, furry coats. They are ill-tempered, can quickly become aggressive and know very well how to use their sharp, impressive horns. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652297691-FTYWSQHSL54EO5YNF7ZU/27image.jpg Bhutan Nomadic farmers take their yaks to high altitudes during the summer and bring them to lower altitudes during the winter. This farmer is selling yak cheese and yak butter on the roadside by Cheli La Pass. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652298943-LN48IUFR6V9TBMVRXXQO/28image.jpg Bhutan Yak tails as well as other yak products, can be seen for sale at markets in India like this market in Calcutta. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652299018-ZJE625RW6HNG3V2V7XVM/29image.jpg Bhutan A lay monk sells his wares at a market outside Wangdue Phodrang. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652300546-FWWNUCDHKWFOTDXZYGGJ/30image.jpg Bhutan Red chillies hang from a window to dry. Bhutan’s national dish is very hot chillies (either green or red) in a cheese sauce served as a vegetable dish, not as a seasoning. It is absolutely mouth-scorching. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652300666-12UX17FU8CR3JX0ESX8J/31image.jpg Bhutan Cheo-Bhi Lhamo, the Goddess of Offering, offers a pot of water to the god and goddess living in the temple at the National Memorial Chorten in Thimpu built in 1974 as a memorial to the third king by the king’s mother. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652301267-EX95WADG8OAIP1BKFD2O/32image.jpg Bhutan Spinning prayer wheels are ubiquitous in Bhutan. Devotees of Buddhism spin their prayer wheels to gain merit and to help focus their minds on Buddhist teachings. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652301430-J22NXMFXQHI71S2875X5/33image.jpg Bhutan Two friends circle the National Memorial Chorten in Thimpu in a clockwise direction. Prayer wheels are filled with printed prayers that are “said” each time the wheel is turned. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652302325-A6KPT6GZ93X9H2AS06H3/34image.jpg Bhutan A local woman prays in Jampey Lhakhang temple believed to have been built in 659 A.D. by a Tibetan king in order to subdue a female Tibetan demon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652302176-8MQEC1VNSX4RNF278WNM/35image.jpg Bhutan Chortens are buildings that contain religious relics. The Chendebji Chorten is located at an auspicious site, a river junction, and the spire is enhanced on all four sides with a compelling pair of eyes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652302707-FCCCOAH721386AY53Q2W/36image.jpg Bhutan A monk enjoys a restful moment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652303240-5TRFIIN1SESBBQTW0KKI/37image.jpg Bhutan These ancient prayer rocks, together with a face painted on rock, are at the entrance to the Wangdue Phodrang Dzong, built in 1638. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652303628-LJY8SG43NX58F6KXSRCZ/38image.jpg Bhutan This demon guards the Tamshing Goemba (Buddhist monastery) while perched on a rafter. This goemba was established in 1581. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652304751-XAJNFZPYCBTSWBRV2J3Z/39image.jpg Bhutan A young monk sits quietly while contemplating the activities in the courtyard below. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652304706-C8NWHH0SF7KON9QC884S/40image.jpg Bhutan At the Tangbi Mani Tsechu in the valley of Bumthang, the local Chief Abbot blesses the beginning of their tsechu by emptying the contents of a small container filed with rice, assorted grains and water onto the ground. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652305767-H0E2S5HOPFW09YQ31RK6/41image.jpg Bhutan At the Tangbi Mani Tsechu, Black Hat dancers assume the role of yogis with the power to subdue and create life. They wear brocade robes, wide-brimmed hats, and aprons with the face of a protective deity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652306689-BKY8CCAA16F6KTLN0BMW/42image.jpg Bhutan Tsechu dancers, like this dancer at the Tangbi Mani Tsechu, perform steps and movements previously choreographed by Buddhist saints. The heads of all dancers wearing wood masks are wrapped with cloths to prevent injuries from the weight of the wood masks. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652306717-4PMXU71CNOYA78JDEZ8O/43image.jpg Bhutan A monk intently watches the religious ceremony going on outside the Paro Dzong. That ceremony observed in the reflection in his eye. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546652307590-KXEEIA3KRRBDEVEORLDK/44image.jpg Bhutan A departure from Bhutan takes place as seen through the frame of a temple doorway. https://www.pjdives.com/philippines-crucifixions daily 0.75 2019-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653434232-B13PSK53JVF8J6VPWZ3F/%231+0024-72-Christ+Wood+Statue-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions The Philippines were under Spanish rule from the early 16th century until late in the 19th century. The Spanish brought their Roman Catholic religion with them, and the local population converted to Catholicism. Today, 95% of Filipinos are devoted Catholics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653434311-NGQQEOZIKH7CRY9XTA2L/%232+0050-72-Christ+in+Church-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Holy Week, the week before Easter Sunday, is celebrated with many religious rites and rituals. Churches are decorated in preparation for re-enactments of the suffering and death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ on Holy Thursday and Good Friday. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653435561-8MB0IOWRDEGKJ9Z78J5Z/%233+0162-72-sh-T+Shirt+for+Baranguay-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions In the city of San Fernando, capital of the economically challenged province of Pampanga, thousands of young men in the barangays (barrios) will flagellate (scourge or whip) themselves in an agonizing, bloody religious rite on Holy Thursday and Good Friday. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653435368-QDJCK8Q8ONTCVBXUXWYV/%234+0035-72-sh-Statue+w+Bamboos-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions A religious statue in the San Fernando Cathedral holds a barquillios, pieces of bamboo strapped together by a braided rope. The barquillios will be used by thousands of young, male devotees on Holy Thursday and Good Friday to flagellate themselves or others in their barangay. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653436652-HTPBLHBVS8EQGAX2VLFX/%235++0075-72-sh-Line+of+Flagellants-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Groups of shirtless, hooded, young, male flagellants with simulated crowns of thorns on their heads, walk barefoot single file in the blazing sun approximately 1 to 2 miles to their church enduring scorching heat and overwhelming humidity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653436937-CA1EECWSM6SHJ8SJT9LL/%236+0020-72-sh-Man+Carrying+Cross-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Other young men make the same agonizing, 1- to 2-mile walk to their barangay church carrying a cross weighing approximately 150 lbs. These cross-carriers are called magdarame. Others accompany them in case of collapse. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653437565-ZU5O4GL5IQL0O5V1DIJ0/%237+0102-72-sh-Man+Rests+w+Cross-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Magdarame and flagellants alike wear a black hood called a kaparosa in order to humble and diminish themselves by obscuring their identities when performing this form of penance called penitensiya. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653438303-3401NXM5Z5TAGYZ46JLR/%238+0093-72-sh-Man+Carrying+Cross-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions A long-handled paddle with sharp glass shards on its surface is used to enhance the wounds and bleeding on this magdarame’s back. Those who flagellate others are called manabad. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653438479-CAXYG4L4ZDBV5ERAV7Q9/%239+0139-72-Flag.+by+Other-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions This magdarame rests on his knees for a few moments allowing himself to be severely scourged by a manabad with a blood-drenched barquillios. Magdarames carry crosses to dramatize the sacrifice Christ made for others. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653439734-ZNXS2CEBHT8AOZIBXEUZ/%2310+0057-72-sh-Back+Slasher-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions This hand-sized wooden pad has three rows of sharp glass shards used to slash the backs of devotees thereby making the wounds more severe and drawing more blood. The manabad who will wield the panabad is from the same barangay as the devotee. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653439885-0IUBLXLLAR3R4B8AQKJR/%2311+0120-72-sh-Man+Cuts+Back-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions The panabad is often used at the beginning of this religious procession so that the suffering endured will be intensified and the amount of blood drawn will be greater making the sacrifice more worthy. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653441169-N0QV9TW39QTBUFMMAU0X/%2312+0120-72-sh-Flagellating+Back.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Their backs weeping blood, flagellants trudge through the streets under the blazing sun asking for the forgiveness of sins committed; the strength to fulfill pledges made (panada); or giving thanks to God for illnesses or injuries cured. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653441380-16RUQTXMPYZBFKFICOO7/%2313+0085-72-sh-Man+Cuts+Back+Razor.jpg Philippines Crucifixions A razor blade is another method used to draw more blood from the back of a flagellant. The Catholic Church vehemently objects to these extreme types of rituals, yet the people in this area continue to passionately participate in them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653442934-2EA4AOB2RCVCE2W1T4B3/%2314+0100-72-sh-Carrier+Rests+on+Cross-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Flagellation combined with the drawing of blood produces results that are shocking and stunning in the extreme. The people stick to these practices, though, believing they are the physical manifestations of their belief in their faith. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653442840-F53JX3ROCNXPH02NEI2X/%2315+0060-72-sh-Novice+Flag.+Prays-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions This novice with his clean, new barquillios takes a few moments to reflect on his pledge (panada) and to pray for the strength to fulfill the commitment he has made before the ordeal of his long, single-file walk to the church in his barangay. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653443941-Y24TLYKDZRC7IGT7M053/%2316+0170-72-sh-Flag.+at+Church+by+Other.jpg Philippines Crucifixions When the flagellants and magdarame reach their destination, they are flogged yet again by banabads, this time with greater strength and intensity as they are motionless now, thereby providing a stationery target for those scourging them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653444312-L2AYKY8N2EC3CZV4F1NV/%2317+0167-72-sh-Flagellant+Spread+Eagled.jpg Philippines Crucifixions At their destination, flagellants are also beaten and kicked to the ground where they roll on the rough pavement that is burning from the heat and intensity of the sun. They continue to be brutally beaten until they lie spread-eagled and still. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653444618-HM97WCCRE3E3MYE2J8ND/%2318+0075-72-sh-Reb-Robed+Cross+in+Church-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Meanwhile, inside the churches of the barangay, the parishioners have covered statues of the crucified Christ that hang on the walls with blood-red robes signifying the agony, suffering, and death of Christ from crucifixion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653449733-MQAOU21MI703THA8T5JY/%2319+0224-72-sh-Red-Robed+w+Cross-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions And just outside the entrance to that church, a magdarame wearing a similar blood-red robe kneels and prays after carrying his 150-pound cross for 2 hours to his destination. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653451583-6PK5KYX9EFTW20RZ7PNB/%2320+0079-72-sh-Flag.+Kisses+Floor.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Another flagellant kneels and kisses the floor at the entrance to his church. The people of Pampanga believe these extreme religious rituals are spiritual sacrifices that provide a source of community solidarity and strength in this economically deprived area. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653454330-6BOMD2UD4BJGW7LI2FYY/%2321+0220-72-sh-Gripping+Church+Fence-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions This flagellant has completed his panata and apparently is completely depleted of strength. He clings to the metal fence at the entrance of his church for support. His bloodied barquillios is slung over his shoulder and rests on his flayed back. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653456315-A5OIC4EV74CY2MRDLRQF/%2322+0061-72-sh-Boy+w+Palm+Crown-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions The local people, including this young man, watch with great concentration as friends and relatives participate in these rites. The Philippine government condemns these practices, but yet no legislation exists prohibiting them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653456270-GX1TMOU0OB3KYNYLE9Y7/%2323+0136-72-sh-Shadow+on+Street-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions These religious rituals take place at the hottest time of the year (March/April), at the hottest time of the day (mid-day) and with suffocating humidity. Devotees walk barefoot and their feet are seared by the burning pavement adding to their agony. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653457177-LL1NLKT36T407VYM790V/%2324+0099-72-sh-Barrabas+in+Passion+Play.jpg Philippines Crucifixions On Good Friday, street plays called Via Crucis (Way of the Cross) are staged with local amateur actors portraying the passion and crucifixion of Christ with a chosen few playing the role of Christ with real-life, non-lethal crucifixions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653457930-8ESQ9XC0RVK6ZZWKCHQS/%2325+0194-72-sh-Three+Empty+Crosses-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Make-shift Golgothas, the site where Christ was crucified, are prepared in the barangays for the upcoming crucifixions that will be re-enacted on Good Friday at the conclusion of the Via Crucis. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653458285-JFZP5JVJUZ8G8ODKAUV9/%2326+0201-72-sh-Christ+w+Mary-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Just prior to the crucifixion of Jesus, Mary, the mother of Jesus, along with Mary Magdalene, weep and attempt to tend to the suffering Jesus as part of the well-rehearsed, Via Crucis street pageant. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653459410-T92REZIN9IZT92RG88E8/%2327+0215-72-sh-Christ+on+Cross-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Jesus hangs crucified on the cross after his hands and feet have been hammered to the cross with slender, 4-inch, stainless steel, sterilized nails. These nails “live” in a small bottle containing alcohol whenever they are not being used for crucifixions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653459463-YIJO43A9WIHLH7VW30GY/%2328+0270-72-sh-Nailing+of+Feet-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions The crowd gasps loudly and cries out in disbelief, as those being crucified scream with pain when local men playing the role of Roman soldiers perform the actual nailing of both hands and feet to the cross. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653460398-2I5R6NN3IF5EZYR9K1N9/%2329-0245-72-sh-Reuben+at+Rehearsal.jpg Philippines Crucifixions This will be the 27th crucifixion for 52-year old Ruben Enaje, popular crucifixee from San Pedro Cutud. Seen here rehearsing for the Via Crucis and his crucifixion the next day, Ruben stated, “When I am up there on the cross, I feel very close to God.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653460618-SB7VXH0BMJPEQ4VWR4WB/%2330+0056-300-unsh-Nailing+Hands-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Ruben screamed with pain as locals playing Roman soldiers first pressed the nails into his palms and then hammered them into his hands. A wireless microphone carried his voice to loudspeakers so everyone watching his crucifixion could hear. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653461289-K5MKKIX2Q01G59OLXEE6/%2331+0278-72-sh-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions A foot-rest (suppedaneum) is attached to the cross for the purpose of taking the crucifixee’s weight off his wrist. Ruben’s hands and feet were both nailed to his cross. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653461373-KPGLDR9BBOFEMJLW82OG/%2332+0067-72-sh-Ruben+Crucified-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Crucifixion is a deliberately slow and excruciatingly painful execution. Ruben began his annual crucifixion rite to show gratitude to God for the “miracle” of his survival after he fell from the 3rd floor of a building where he was working. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653462354-BCK71MDNMFO03KVJ5KRR/%2333+0251-72-sh-Christ+Comes+Down-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions After hanging on his cross for 15 minutes, a crucifixee indicated he wanted to end his ordeal. Screaming with pain as the nails were removed from his hands and feet he later said, “We grew up in this tradition, and nothing can stop us.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653463042-WJRKCNIRX5HNWBG42HI5/%2334+0265-72-sh-Christ+Carried+to+Med-Ph13.jpg Philippines Crucifixions Medical personnel carry the bodies of crucifixees down to a temporary tented medical facility complete with emergency medical vehicles, professional medical personnel, temporary beds, water, and medical supplies of all kinds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546653463119-8EEJMLINLMVEO5TVLGLD/%2336+0030-72-sh-Flagellant+Finished.jpg Philippines Crucifixions On Good Friday, after the rituals have finished, a flagellant removes his kaparosa and rests. He will most likely participate again next year in this unique brand of Phililppine Catholicism that seems inexplicable and bizarre to many not from this area. https://www.pjdives.com/cayman-island-bahamas daily 0.75 2019-02-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655254819-NWRB1B49E9LPEPB39QXA/%231-Car+-+++copy.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The entrance to this swim-through is decorated with a Strawberry Sponge (Mycale laxissima) as well as a variety of other sponges and soft corals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655254682-KEPU4PJ08DN51UMQUYF0/%232-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas An Arrow Crab (Stenorhynchus seticornus) bears some resemblance to the terrestrial daddy-long-legs spider. The Arrow Crab loves to perch on top of gorgonian fans. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655256028-0WYRRMV3AB6IXQYCJVHF/%233-Car+-+Scorpionfish+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Lying motionless in the sand waiting for its prey, a Spotted Scorpionfish (Scorpaena plumieri) which is an ambush predator, blends into the bottom so well that it is almost invisible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655256217-LWKTE8WQG1LSGIQLTLA3/%234-Car+-+D2X4909.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Social Feather Duster Worms (Bispira Brunnea) have delicate, feathered gill crowns and a parchment -like tube into which they will retreat when disturbed. These particular worms are flanked by yellow tube sponges. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655257408-YCNFGA6BH8GYTMKZWBOX/%235-Car+-+D2X5216.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A sculpture of Orange Icing Sponge (Mycale laevia), Gorgonian Fans, and a red Rope Sponge makes a study in color, shapes and textures. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655257679-8JU9MFMP5FQZ1PD0S2B6/%236-Car+-+D2X4955.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A Banded Butterflyfish (Chaetodon striatus) hovers beneath a Bush Gorgonian (Plexaura homomalla). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655258604-TIHR92WNI4T3ZBWC141R/%237-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The male Sailfin Blenny (Emblemaria pandionis) seldom ventures out of his hole in the rock and only displays his large distinctive "sail" fin to attract a mate or to ward off intruders. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655258644-WISUK2TPEDOIRINMY3X4/%238-Car+-.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A view of the underbelly of the Southern Sting Ray (Dasyatis americana) shows its underslung mouth, its gills, and its nostrils that aid in locating food. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655260444-7VUZOL5C5TCCS8NEE4R4/%239-Car+-D2X6812.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas With both of its eyes located on one side of its head, the well-camouflaged Peacock Flounder (Bothus lunatis) has the ability to swim on its side. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655260523-0XQOZRAWYYE1XCVCCYGP/%2310-Car+-+5-29-05+014.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The Queen Conch (Strombus Gigas) has a shell covered with algae and eyes on long stalks that retract when danger threatens. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655261038-NEYJGX692SZ0642O9CCA/%2311-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The male Yellow Head Jawfish (Opistognathus aurifrons) inclubates the eggs of his young in his mouth until they hatch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655261421-9586G129FWH15D787OE7/%2312+-.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Yellow Tube Sponges (Aplysina fistularis) retain some of their bright coloration because of fluorescent pigments contained within their bodies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655261725-N5XABX13KRE09V5FD930/%2313-2-Car+-+DSC_0044.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A Coney (Epinephelus fulvus) has three distinct color phases, one of which is this Golden Phase seen here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655263207-L13XXN205DINARMV94VN/%2314-Car+-+5-30-05+111.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The Blue-Striped Grunt (Haemuylon sciurus) is named for its ability to make audible sounds (grunts) by grinding its pharyngeal teeth that are located in its throat. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655262556-1Z4NM118CGVB8U2IGBXU/%2315-2-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The territorial Longspine Squirrelfish (Holocentrus rufus) has bright coloration, spiny fins, and oversized dark eyes that make night hunting possible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655263063-UP9YLOTDHHQPGCFR1TCH/%2316-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A pair of large Strawberry Sponges (Mycale laxissima) decorates a wall on the reef as though they are entry sculptures for a large drawing room. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655264546-7ZG79MO0D7EIXFQQJTSC/%2317-Car+-+DSC_0088.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The gills of this Spotted Feather Duster (Banchioma nigromaculata) form a single radiating crown approximately 3" across that will quickly retreat into its tube when water pressure or movement disturbs it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655264861-L63QU9OP1M0E8NGJR607/%2318-Car+-+D2X6452.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A Brittle Star (Ophiothrix swensonii) emerges at night to feed after hiding during the day. The Brittle Star is extremely sensitive to light. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655265703-7G0I1EFMZ4QULSEWWO8U/%2319-Car+-+D2X6932.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A Caribbean Reef Octopus (Octopus briareus) has the ability to slink, saunter and swim around the reef. It is a solitary animal and emerges from its lair at night to hunt crustaceans as well as small fish and bivalves. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655266211-YIWW8QYUSTJEC5XEBGSC/%2320-Car+-+D2X6990.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The French Angelfish (Pomacanthus paru) has a unique pattern and coloring on its flat, oval-shaped body. This species of angelfish is monogamous. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655267841-T4F8LKUS9JY7D7MVQ19H/%2321-Car+-+D2X7005.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The French Angelfish (Pomacanthus paru) has a unique pattern and coloring on its flat, oval-shaped body. This species of angelfish is monogamous. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655268079-M77EWAEX3ZJQ086PVOD5/%2322-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas During the day, this Basket Star (Astrophytonmyuricatum) light gold in color, curls into a tight ball. But at night it spreads its basket-like arms to filter plankton from the water. It has chosen a purple fan for its host. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655269337-BHIQB5N6TEIET94XKXWB/%2323-Car+-+D2X6411.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The Fairy Basslet (Gamma loreto) is among the most colorful of all reef fishes. Shy and wary, it is usually found near underhangs and ledges. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655270261-UL307SU3208076CL5EFQ/%2324-Car++-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Sea Plumes (Pseudopterogorgia sp.) sway gracefully in the current. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655270281-2A93YOH9YUK6KNQH0HY7/%2325-Car+-+5-29-05+030.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A small Hermit Crab (Dardanus venosus) lives in the abandoned shell of a gastropod in order to proect its soft, vulnerable abdomen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655271306-99S73LQOHSGN9IO9CWA4/%2326-Car+-++D2X6256.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas This Pink Vase Sponge (Dasychalina cyathina) hosts a small starfish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655272099-CVE6FB1MHO33JVO01SM5/%2327-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Spiny Lobsters (Panulirus argus) are the largest of the Caribbean lobsters. They are nocturnal, and during the day they hide in holes, caves or under ledges with only their long antennae visible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655272251-EBAQM8S7RSMGDQN1PHP3/%2328-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A strikingly colored and patterned Squirrelfish (Holocentrus adscensionis) likes to drift in inconspicuous, shaded areas like this thicket of Lavender Finger Sponges (Haliclona hogarthi). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655272618-BSV56VZAJYNQQDT4RXB8/%2329-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Possessing a complex pattern of compatible colors etched on its body, the Queen Triggerfish (Balistes vetula) loves to feed on long-spined sea urchins, spines and all. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655273630-U5UR87DZM3MRIKOXC0SF/%2330-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas This large school of Silversides (Atherinidae) quickly parts when a predatory, red-eye Snapper (Lutjanidae) hunts them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655273504-KBJDWL9T7NBIYO0WVIZB/%2331-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas The Blue Tang (Acanthurus coeruleus) normally prefers to keep a distance form divers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655274363-BGALNH9KZ93HOXVGJ8KO/%2332-Car+-+20100624-1.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) swims over the reef. The Hawksbill Turtle is an excellent swimmer and is well adapted for sudden bursts of speed when needed. The Hawksbill Turtle is an endangered animal. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655274288-BT6WD59QO2EGL7ZNRRNV/%2333-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Red Rope Sponges (Haliclona rubens) reach for the sun while sitting atop an Elephant Ear Sponge (Agelas cathrodes). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655274830-VT1J8DGRWVSXL1HX8G0A/%2334-Car+-+D2X6378.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas A pair of Black Jacks (Caranx lugubris) swims through open water. The Black Jack has a deeply forked tail and is one of the fastest swimming fishes in the sea. The Black Jack is a powerful predatory fish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655275171-W8UBIURN315YADSFJVVQ/%2335-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas Caribbean Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus perezi) jostle each other during a shark-feeding dive. In a natural setting, there is little to fear from this shark, but caution must be exercised during a shark-feeding dive. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546655275512-Z0I95CZC3I3O3WF1P4DR/%2336-Car+-+.jpg Cayman Island & Bahamas During a shark-feeding dive, a Caribbean Reef Shark (Carcharhinus perezi) comes in close for a portrait shot. Caribbean Reef Sharks swim with an air that exudes both power and strength. https://www.pjdives.com/maldives-indian-ocean daily 0.75 2019-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658294291-W9E4E5LM7ME3HC5P18QM/01image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Divers from all over the world come to the Maldives, in particular Hanifaru Bay, to interact with Manta Rays (Manta birostris) that feed on plankton that is swept up from deep water to the surface by a suction effect occurring during lunar tides. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658294475-SM76TOIALNC84CWJQFQV/02image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Manta Rays (Manta birostris) when feeding in large groups often form a vortex. These two mantas perform a ballet while feeding. Two Remora (Remora genus) have attached themselves to the underside of one Manta using a sucker-like fin to hold themselves firm against it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658297117-8GTV7NKULSHV5R8F4OTM/03image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Many schooling fish can be found in the Maldives like these One-Spot Snapper (Lutjanus monostigma). These fish hunt on the bottom at night feeding on smaller fish and crustaceans, primarily crabs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658297172-R3FZA4PQG3KOONWNUF5P/04image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Five species of turtle can be found in the Maldives, and the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is one of them. These turtles forage for food and nest throughout the collection of 1,192 tiny islands in 26 atolls that form the nation of the Maldives. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658300505-C1LHRSCDWZZLPXQW38DY/05image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Magnificent Anemones (Heteractis magnifica), like this trio, usually host Anemonefish. But, oddly enough, no Anemonefish could be seen. This brilliantly colored, Checkered Snapper (Lutjanus decussates) was present in their stead. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658300566-9NKMHIOQO3O5JRRVPWJP/06image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Blue-faced Angelfish (Pomacanthus xanthometopon) inhabits areas of rich coral growth in lagoons, channels and outer reef slopes. Joining other brightly colored fish, it swims under a coral ledge covered with pastel-colored soft corals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658303391-6W39HJA6GOFHHBG7AP41/07image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A large school of Blue-stripe Snapper (Lutjanus notatus) provides an explosion of color as they swim along the reef. The distinctive coloration of these shoaling fish (they stay together for social reasons) consists of a bright yellow body with four horizontal, electric-blue stripes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658303285-JWVCPAGJFUOXEOGJ7L2U/08image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A Freckled Hawkfish (Paracirrhites forsteri) moves quickly after having been disturbed. These fish perch high on corals and like a hawk they watch closely for small prey. They even have the ability to perch on fire coral without incurring harm. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658306938-HFDZJIBNEBY7UCGZ4ZLR/09image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Anchored permanently to the bottom where strong currents pass by, a Gorgonian Fan (Subergorgia mollis), which is a nocturnal filter feeder, will extend its polyps at night to capture the plankton that makes up its diet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658307428-W8YHLAAS1Q3R2EDR0FKP/10image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A school of Crimson Soldierfish (Myripristis murdjan) cruises along the reef. As their large eyes might suggest, these fish are nocturnal and hide in caves during the day. It was strange to spot them out during the day. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658310924-XTEY8A43OTKWIF61RNTF/11image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Painted Rock Lobster (Panulirus versicolor) is a species of spiny lobster that is nocturnal and solitary. It is a carnivore and feeds at night on mollusks or scavenges dead or dying animals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658311054-KXKTBPLHE4J80CO9GCQ1/12image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Honeycomb Moray Eel (Gymnothorax favagineus) has black and white blotches that form a honeycomb pattern. This Honeycomb Moray seems to be oblivious of the school of Maldives Cardinalfish (Apogon sp. 2) flitting above its head. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658315615-IIBA7JPZME0F7IT3Y944/13image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Leach’s Sea Star (Leiaster leachi) is a rare starfish that hides in the reef during the day and emerges at night to feed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658313530-A9883R6UJJ9RIG3848SE/14image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean These Yellow Cup Corals (Tubastrea faulkneri), explosive in color, form clumps of large polyps. Their sunflower-like tentacles emerge at dusk to permit filter-feeding of zooplankton. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658316796-GUDSFWN5F8EDJ0KMWLWR/15image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Brightly-colored Soft Coral ( Ellisella sp.) extends in strange, lightning-like shapes from a piece of coral that has been covered by flaming red, encrusting sponge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658317264-XYFOG5XGSBUM0OH9NB6C/16image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Masked Bannerfish (Heniochus monoceros) use their pectoral fins as oars to brake, spin, turn and even reverse their direction. Inside their pursed lips they have very fine, small, hair-like teeth that enable them to pick small animals on which they feed out of their shells. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658318621-O1Z0OFIB7KT2USX911PP/17image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Manta Rays (Manta birostris) are the largest of the rays and are closely related to sharks. BUT, despite their enormous size and bat-like shape, Manta Rays are completely harmless, very gentle and quite peaceful. They have a short tail that does not have a stinging spine. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658319478-KIOYTJWECSHS0ESU4QWF/18image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Manta Rays (Manta birostris) have a wingspan that can reach 22’. When feeding, as seen here, these graceful swimmers, open their gills as well as their mouths. It is easy to be mesmerized by these stunning, impressive animals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658320427-1OKKCQNTAOSHCF98FBHA/19image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Smooth Flutemouth (Fistularia commersonii) is a very elongate fish that has a long filament extending from its caudal fin. This filament is lined with sensory pores that serve as a long-range sensory system for detecting prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658321677-699BVL60WBC70S0SBWKC/20image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Small Giant Clam (Tridacna maxima) is approximately 1/3 the size of the true Giant Clam (Tridacna gigas). It’s color and texture is evocative of maroon velvet, and the delicately frilled mantle and siphon have intensely beautiful, iridescent blue lines. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658323773-3G2C32K03I91GU5GG5YM/21image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A colony of stony Hard Coral (Scleractina sp.) is permanently anchored to the reef. Their name is deceiving as these corals are fragile and can be broken during bad storms. They are presented here with a background of open, blue water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658324607-H6QXB05W8PYKL3DHZQE2/22image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A Sabre Squirrelfish (Sargocentrum spiniferum) occupies a private spot just above a fluted hard coral. The Sabre Squirrelfish is the largest of the squirrelfish. At night, it hunts for its favorite food – crustaceans. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658326364-BG4XYD49NZY7O1M858J7/23image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean This pair of Headband Butterflyfish (Chaetodon collare) swims under a table coral. These fish usually swim in schools, but they pair off when mating. They are common in the Maldives, but are rarely seen elsewhere. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658328799-4URK9W8J2Z2S7BP0CK4C/24image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Maldives Lyretail Anthias (Pseudanthias squamipinnis) flit about. Like other anthias species, the male Maldives Lyretail retains a harem of 10 to 15 females. When the male dies a female from the harem undergoes a sex reversal and takes his place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658329609-W4P330VTDT847X6ENYIC/25image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A truly unusual sight – a white lace fan in the foreground is framed by a bi-colored, Smooth Sea Fan (Annella mollis), bright orange in color with a white border. This bi-colored fan only grows in caves. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658332619-ZQP3UQ3DOVKV9RU25GI8/26image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A smooth Gorgonian Fan frames a Neon Fusilier (Pterocaesio tile). Fusiliers are found in current areas along deep drop-offs where they feed on plankton. At night they rest under coral heads https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658333042-UVXH0NCVTTA8RIZOEDDB/27image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean A Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) cruises effortlessly over a landscape of soft corals. The Hawksbill Turtle is easily distinguished from other species of turtle by its sharp, curving beak. It spends part of its life in the open sea, and part in shallow lagoons and on coral reefs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658335978-52TPFV6Z42Q7YOZIWUKV/28image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Glassy Sweeper (Pempheris schomburgki) lives in large aggregations in dark caves or in crevices where they sway in the current. This is a small fish with a long body, big head, large eyes and wide mouth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658336188-UNADC2REGLMOYCEMMFUT/29image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Displaying teeth that would hold a dentist in thrall, the Map Pufferfish (Arothron mappa) has black lines radiating from it protuberant eyes and a gray and black pattern over its body that is map-like in appearance. Like most other pufferfish, it is highly poisonous when eaten. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658337941-MDWGL5JAZ1J8RBDYYXBJ/30image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The mouth of a Honeycomb Moray Eel is being cleaned by a Blue Lined Cleaner Wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus). The wrasse has visible stripes so the eel will recognize him. The wrasse dances up and down in a distinctive way for further I.D. and then cleans the mouth of the moray with impunity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658338396-SAG50FA6HXTZVQRI3656/31image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean Schooling Bannerfish (Heniochus diphreutes) are found in large aggregations in the water column. They spend the whole day in open water protected by their schooling behavior. These schools are abundant in the Maldives. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658341818-HRPVKPRNBJG50UEEFZ3Y/33image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Pin Cushion (Choriaster granulatus) is a large starfish with broad rays. The pattern on its body is as finely etched as scrimshaw. This starfish is a scavenger who feeds at night on dead animal material. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658343700-JXK2HRMW8LCE67UAUPKV/34image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The stunning Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) is probably the most commonly photographed of all the anemones. A Blackfoot Anemonefish (Amhiprion nigripes), which is only found in the Maldives, rests in its tentacles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658344031-1N9J8ZTSTKTR0X8DAVL1/35image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The majestic Manta Ray (Manta birostris) is a dynamic filter feeder. It moves easily through the water using its unfurled cephalic fins to shovel microscopic nutritious black specks of plankton that comprise its diet into its massive open mouth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c3000905ffd200348fef679/1546658344757-X9JT0KHQO643ULQ8B9OX/36image.jpg Maldives, Indian Ocean The Manta Ray (Manta birostris) is a fast swimmer, streamlined and hydrodynamic in shape, and presents the appearance of a stealth bomber. 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